78 Grundtvig—On the Birds oj Shiocton, Wisconsin. 
My opinion is that southerly birds after a mild winter are in¬ 
clined to extend their range northward, while after a hard winter 
they relinquish their acquisition. Northerly birds will, after 
a severe winter, breed scatteringly further south than is cus¬ 
tomary. Such species as breed every year at a given place will, 
after a rigorous winter, be more abundant than usual, provided 
that their northern limit of distribution is neither too far from 
the given point, nor so near that many of them accustomed to 
breed in the locality settle further south. Unfortunately only 
very incomplete knowledge of the breeding range of birds west 
of the Great Lakes exists. Faunal distributions such as that of 
J. A. Allen, founded chiefly on observations to the eastward in 
the vicinity of the ocean, are in no way suited to this region. Yet 
it may, I think, be said that the fauna at Shiocton is mostly 
Alleghanian; but it is not far from the southern limit of the 
Canadian. 
In 1883 no Protonotaria citrea , Melanerpes carolinus , Coccyzus 
americanus and Turdus mustelinus 4 were seen. Protonotaria 
citrea is regarded as a very southern bird. But in any case it 
reaches a good distance up into the Alleghanian fauna on the Mis¬ 
sissippi. Melanerpes carolinus is said to be one of the most charac¬ 
teristic birds of the Alleghanian fauna. 5 The same is true of Tur¬ 
dus mustelinus. Of the particularly characteristic birds of the 
Alleghanian fauna there were in 1883 fewer of the following: 
Harporhynclius rufus , Dendroica pensylvanica , Piranga rubra. 
and Vireo flamfrons. 
There were more Helminthophila chrysoptera , which is said to 
belong especially to the Carolinian fauna; 7 but the northern limit 
of this bird in Wisconsin will probably be found in the Canadian. 
I conclude this from the considerable number seen at Shiocton 
in migration time. 
There were more Turdus fuscescens , Carpodacus purpureus , 
Mniotilta varia , Compsothlypis americana and some others 
4 In Brown county hardly any Icterus spurius. 
[ 5 It is more characteristic of the Carolinian fauna. —Translator.] 
[ 6 Piranga erythromelas Vieill —Author in litt .] 
l * 1 Helminthophila chrysoptera is a bird of the Alleghanian fauna.— 
Translator.] 
