Introduction. 
79 
which either belong especially to the Alleghanian fauna or are 
equally numerous in that and the Canadian. 
There were fewer of some which according to my general 
theory one would have expected to find in greater numbers, since 
they are said to come into the Canadian although especially be¬ 
longing to the Alleghanian fauna. Of these may be mentioned 
Passerina cyanea , Pipilo erythrophthalmus , and Icterus galbula. 
Many birds which are said to belong to the whole of North 
America were in 1883 partly more numerous ( Ampelis cedrorum , * 
Trochilus colubris ), partly fewer (, Seiurus noveboracensis, Dendro- 
ica cestiva , Habia ludoviciana, Quiscalus quiscula ceneus ) than 
in the previous year. 
Of more northerly birds, a single Troglodytes hiemalis , which 
belongs to the Canadian fauna, bred in 1883. Besides several 
Zonotrichia albicollis, which however breeds rarely every year 
at Shiocton. This bird belongs especially to the Canadian 
fauna, but is met with also in the Alleghanian. 
As will be seen, I add a few measurements of birds taken by 
me. The most of them are of little value, but do no harm. To 
have much value I am aware that measurements must be taken 
from many more specimens, but I had no desire to shoot birds 
merely for the sake of measurements. Moreover, they should 
be taken from those that breed at Shiocton, but that I did not 
think of in time. The measurements are taken from old birds, 
as a rule in the spring. 8 
Besides the species I myself have seen and shot, I add most of 
the others which are said to be found in Wisconsin. I follow mostly 
in this: F. H. King, Economic Relations of Wisconsin Birds 
(Geology of Wisconsin, 1883); S. W. Willard, Migration and 
Distribution of Birds in Brown Co. (Trans. Wisconsin Acad. 
Sci., 1883), and W. W. Cooke, Bird Migration in Jefferson Co. 
(The Ridgway Ornithological Club of Chicago, Bull. Nr. 1, 1883). 
It is to be hoped it will be always seen when I plough with 
8 Length and extent require no explanation. The wing is measured 
from the carpus to end of longest primary. The tail from coccyx to end 
of the longest feather. The bill from the point where the feathers 
cease to the tip of the upper mandible. The measurements give the 
straight line between these points. 
