84 Grundtvig—On the Birds of Shiocton, Wisconsin. 
slope down to the swamp. It seems as if the birds staid there in 
autumn a short time after they had taken leave of the Daily 
Beat. There were always hosts of woodpeckers there. In the 
autumn of 1882 there were many Sitta canadensis. In winter 
the tall pine trees were visited by crossbills and grosbeaks. 
In spring several birds were seen earlier here, and flocks of 
birds which were not seen in flocks in the Daily Beat, such 
as Seiurus aurocapillus and Habia ludoviciana. 
North of the railway there have never been coniferous woods 
on the greatest part of the high land. On the other hand there 
are some very old deciduous woods consisting of many species 
of trees. The sugar maple, elm, oak, ash, linden, beech, hickory 
and butternut may be mentioned. In these woods Vireo olivaceus, 
Contopus virens, Pipilo erythrophthalmus and Seiurus aurocapillus 
breed, besides hawks and crows. 
Where the wood is open there are plenty of shrubs. In many 
places juniper bushes are common, but I have never found nests in 
them. In other places there is an undergrowth of hazel. The 
grass that grows here is especially liked by cattle, which always 
keep it down. Here will be found especially Passerina cyanea , 
Dendroica pensylvanica and Helminthophila chrysoptera. Spiz- 
ella socialis is seen everywhere in the open wood. 
In the lower spots little groups of birch and alder are found 
here and there. There are many flycatchers in the birches. 
Habia ludoviciana builds especially in the alders. In willow 
bushes Dendroica cestiva and Galeoscoptes carolinensis often have 
nests. Isolated willow trees are preferred by Tyrannus tyran¬ 
nies. 
It lies in the nature of things that there cannot be very many 
or large fields in the Daily Beat. As will be seen on the map 
there are several farms; but the cultivated area is very small, 
in all not over one-ninth of the whole. Some of the fields are 
never overflowed; but the most are almost always in danger in 
the spring. This is possibly the reason that many field birds 
are missing, such as Spizella pusilla and Ghondestes grammacus. 
Of peculiarly field birds Pooccetes gramineus is certainly the most 
common. In grass fields are seen many Sturnella magna and a 
host of Dolichonyx oryzivorus. 
