Small. — Pollen-presentation Mechanism in the Compositae. 465 
Type IX is characteristic of the Mutiseae and resembles type XI, without 
the ring of long hairs ; here, as in the former type, fusion of the branches 
may be more or less complete, so that the stigmatic region is limited to 
a hollow, rounded region at the apex. Types X and XI are characteristic 
of the Cynareae, and are distinguished by the ring of long hairs situated at 
(type X) or below (type XI) the point of branching: in the former the 
stigmatic papillae extend from the point of branching to the apex ; in the 
latter there is a very short zone of stigmatic papillae, but numerous inter¬ 
mediate stages are found in the fusion of the two branches above the ring 
of hairs. Type X a is the form of style which occurs in the female florets of 
many Cynareae ; here the point of branching is below the zone of hairs and 
the stigmatic papillae extend from this ring to the apex. Type XII is 
characteristic of the Inuleae and has no appendages, the style branches 
being rounded and glabrous or slightly hairy externally, with the stigmatic 
papillae marginal and extending to the apex. Type XIII is an unbranched, 
club-shaped, hirsute form, common in the male disc florets of several tribes; 
it has no stigmatic papillae, and acts solely as a pollen-presenter. 
Discussion of Tables. 
The types of stamens have been arranged so that the complexity 
increases from 1 to 16, and the order in which the tribes are given by 
Hoffmann has been altered so that the affinities may be rendered more 
diagrammatically clear. The chief alterations are the interchanging of the 
Vernonieae and Eupatorieae, the Mutiseae and Cynareae, and the placing 
of the Inuleae and Cichorieae nearer the Senecioneae. 
The Eupatorieae are placed first because it is in the Piquerinae, 
a sub-tribe of this group, that the simplest type of anther occurs. The 
Piquerinae, which has the typical style of the Eupatorieae, is a group of 
eight essentially American genera. Adenostemma , however, has several 
Old World species, A. viscosum being very cosmopolitan. An interesting 
modification of the stamen of this sub-tribe occurs sometimes in Adeno¬ 
stemma. At a period when all the pollen grains have disappeared from 
the dehisced anthers, the line of dehiscence is found to extend to a point 
a little below the apex (Fig. 4). This is a variation which, by preventing 
the untimely overflow of pollen from the staminal tube, would carry out 
the same function as a terminal, non-polleniferous appendage. In this con¬ 
nexion it should be noted that Bentham places this genus next to Sclero- 
lepis , which he makes the first genus in the Ageratae, and Scleropis shows 
an abnormal truncate form of apical appendage (Fig. 5) which has all the 
appearance of a reduced type. The other genera of the Eupatorieae have 
the type of appendage shown in Fig. 6. The Vernonieae show a greater 
variety and have higher types of stamens, but this can be correlated with 
