Small. — Pollen-presentation Mechanism in the Compositae. 467 
the simple form of the style, whereas the Eupatorieae have both stamens 
and style simple. 
In the remaining groups it will be seen that the stamen with an apical 
appendage but no basal appendage, type 3, is the most common form. 
This form is undoubtedly the fundamental type of stamen for the Compositae, 
types 1 and 3 being reductions and the others amplifications of it. The 
Astereae show this simple stamen in the large majority of the genera, but 
this tribe, while showing the simplest type of auricle in three 1 genera, also 
shows the truncate type, which is taken as a reduction form in twelve 
genera. The Astereae, therefore, are the antepenultimate step in the reduc¬ 
tion series which ends in the Piquerinae. This type of anther occurs in 
a considerable proportion of the Heliantheae, but this tribe also shows a 
large percentage of higher forms. The Helenieae are very similar to the 
Heliantheae, while the majority of the Anthemideae have anthers of type 3. 
The Inuleae are notable on account of the majority of the genera showing 
anthers with relatively complex basal appendages, but this is to be corre¬ 
lated, as in the Vernonieae, with the simple style. The majority of the 
genera in Senecioneae remain relatively simple in their stamens. The 
Calenduleae, a small and specialized group in many ways, show a con¬ 
siderable proportion of genera with stamens of the higher types. With 
few exceptions the Cichorieae have stamens of type 6 or 8, both types 
occurring in most of the genera. The Arctotideae are very similar to the 
Senecioneae, but show type 10 in three genera, and thus form an intermediate 
stage between the Senecioneae and the Mutiseae, which latter tribe is very 
similar to the Inuleae in the degree of complexity reached by the anther 
appendages. The Mutiseae show types 15 and 16 in three genera, thus 
forming a transition to the Cynareae, the majority of which show one or 
other of these two complex types. 
Considering the probable lines of development and omitting as negligible 
those cases where the number in the tables is less than two, 2 we find that 
the Senecioneae form a group from which radiate five lines thus : two short 
lines, one to the Anthemideae and the other to the Cichorieae ; two main 
lines, the first leading to the Eupatorieae and giving off branches to the 
Helenieae, Heliantheae, Astereae, and Vernonieae, the second leading to 
the Cynareae and giving off branches to the Calenduleae, Arctotideae, and 
Mutiseae ; the fifth leading to the Inuleae through the higher types in the 
Senecioneae. 
Keeping these lines of probable development in mind, consider the 
figures of Table II, neglecting as before figures below two. The columns 
1 See explanation of tables, p. 461. 
2 Except in the Astereae, where parts of two large genera, Olearia and Celmisia , are included 
in the 1, and in Calenduleae, where parts of the largest two genera, Osteospermum and Tripteris, are 
included in the 1 of the table. 
