236 DR. C. A. MAC MUNN ON ENTEROCHLOROPHYLL, AND ALLIED PIGMENTS. 
once that the chemical spectroscope is not suited for the examination, (1) because of 
its greater dispersion, (2) owing to the difficulty of sufficiently illuminating the object. 
The leaf should be examined by means of the microspectroscope and illuminated by 
the help of a substage condenser ; if necessary a section should be made, or, if the leaf is 
too thin to show the full spectrum, it may be necessary to place one leaf over another. 
In a leaf so examined at least jive bands are visible, and it is these five bands, with 
another nearer the violet, which are seen in an alcohol solution of chlorophyll. I examined 
the leaves of thirteen plants in this way successively, and in every one I could see the 
five bands. The plants taken were :— Ilex, Iledera, Agapanthus, Lilium, Aspidium 
(filix mas) (frond), Scolopendrium (frond), Begonia, Laurus, Ficus ( elastica ), Sea- 
forthia ( elegans ), Geranium, Primula, and common grass. 
Hence Kraus’s * map of the spectrum of a living leaf is correct, and Hansen’s 
statement to this effect can be verified. Plate 9, Chart I., spectrum 1, shows this 
spectrum. If a Spongilla, which, as Professor LankesterI has shown, is a true 
chlorophyll-building animal, be examined in the same manner, the bands are found 
to agree with those of the spectrum of a leaf ; such is also the case in an infusorian 
coloured by its own chlorophyll, e.g., Ophrydium, spectra 2 and 3, Chart I.J 
Further, it will be shown that an alcohol solution of Spongilla chlorophyll shows 
the same bands as a similar solution of plant chlorophyll, and closely resembling a 
similar solution of enterochlorophyll. I have not thought it advisable to mention all 
recent researches on plant chlorophyll, because they have not yet emerged from a state 
of confusion and nothing could be gained by doing so. My object is to show that 
whether what has been named chlorophyll has or has not been isolated, there exists in 
plants a green colouring matter which, before it lias been touched by a reagent, gives 
the same spectrum as a green colouring matter in an animal, and that the same 
solutions of both colouring matters give the same spectra, which differ slightly, 
but in no essential respect, from those of similar solutions of enterochlorophyll. 
Before proceeding to describe the results of saponifying vegetable and animal 
chlorophyll, I will now give the result of an examination of the “liver” pigments of 
some invertebrate animals. 
The “Liver” Pigments of some Invertebrates. 
Krukenberg and I found, independently of each other, that the alcohol extracts 
of the “ livers” of some animals showed a band in red ; he called the pigments giving 
this band hepatochromates, but neither from his description or drawings of the 
* 1 Zur Kenntniss der Chloropliyllfarbstoffe,’ &c., 1872. Tafel I., 5. 
f tn Professor Lankester’s early description of Spongilla chlorophyll he called it chondrichlor, but 
subsequently he agreed with Sorby as to the identity of this colouring matter with plant chlorophyll. 
See also his paper in Quart. Journ. Micro. Soc., vol. 22 (1882), pp. 229-254. 
t I was not certain about the fourth band, and so have left it out of the drawing of this spectrum. 
