DR. C. A. MAC MUNN ON ENTEROCHLOROPHYLL, AND ALLIED PIGMENTS. 237 
spectra can it be inferred that lie knew lie was dealing with a true chlorophyll. 
In my paper, already referred to,* * * § I had shown enterochlorophyll to be present in 
Ostrcea, Mytilus, Cardium, Anodonta, Unio, Octopus, Buccinum, Fusus, Purpura, 
Littorina, Helix aspersa, Helix pomatia, Helix citrina, Avion, and Limax among 
Mollusca. In Homarus, Cancer, Carcinus , Pagurus, and Astacus among Arthropoda. 
In Uraster, Asterias, and Echinus among Echinodermata. A chlorophyll band is seen 
in Krukenbekg’s drawings! of the alcohol extracts of the “livers” of Grapsus marmo- 
ratus, Carcinus mamas, Pilumnus villosus, Eriphia spinifrons, Homarus vulgaris, 
Buthus occitanus, Tethys fimbria, Pleurobranchus, Eledone moschata, Aplysia depilans, 
and Mytilus edulis. It is satisfactory to know that Krxjkenberg has come to the 
conclusion that his “ hepatoehromates ” are animal pigments, and his evidence is of the 
more value in this case as he has made a great number of observations on animal 
colouring matters. 
As I have gained more experience in the examination of solutions since my last 
paper was communicated, I may have to describe in this the spectra of some already 
referred to, especially as differences are sometimes seen when a great number of the 
same species is examined ; this remark applies more especially to starfishes, in which 
the chlorophyll obtained from the radial coeca shows certain differences with regard to 
the dominant band, which, in my opinion, establish beyond all doubt the animal 
origin of the pigment. Besides, with the large spectroscope obtained with the grant 
allowed me by the Royal Society, I am able to measure more accurately the wave¬ 
lengths of the bands than I could before.! The consideration of the spectra of 
solutions of vegetable chlorophyll should naturally precede that of those of animal 
chlorophyll, but it will be deferred for convenience until I come to describe the results 
of saponification. 
Mollusca. 
Paludina vivipera. —In a deep layer of the rectified spirit extract^ of the “liver” of 
this species the three bands shown in spectrum 4, Chart I., are seen, and in a thinner 
layer another band between green and blue. The solution was a deep-yellow colour 
and fluoresced red. Its first thi’ee bands read approximately :—1st, A 678 to A 656 ; 
2 nd, A 620 to A 600 ; 3rd, A 552 to A 539. With nitric acid the change already 
described, and to be referred to below, took place. Hence the enterochlorophyll 
present differs in no respect from that of other mollusca*. 
* Loc. cit. 
f “ Vergleichend-physiologische Studien,” 3 te Abth. 1880. Taf. 1. RuukEnBERG, too, arrived at the 
same conclusion as myself, namely, that various pigments are prepared in the liver for use elsewhere 
(S. 189), especially for the integument. 
+ The bands in blue and violet are most difficult to measure, and if with even better instruments 
they are found to differ from my measurements the fault, I hope, will not be attributed to inaccuracy. 
§ Of course this and all the following extracts were filtered before examination. 
