DR. C. A. MAC MUNN ON ENTERGCHLOROPHYLL, AND ALLIED PIGMENTS. 245 
gave the following bands : 1st, X 667 to X 649 ; 2nd, X 615'5 to X 593 ; 3rd, X 543 
to X 532 ; and 4th, X 509 to X 484 - 5. 
(14) Another solution of the same kind, of the same colour, and with the same bands 
in its spectrum, was united with that of (13) and saponified by Hansen’s method, as 
will be described further on. 
Other specimens were examined with the same result, and the presence of one 
lipochrome or lutein band was found to be the rule, which fact alone goes far to show 
that the enterochlorophyll of Uraster rubens is not a vegetable chlorophyll, and the 
saponification method tends to support this view. 
I formerly stated # that among worms I failed to find enterochlorophyll, and I have 
recently examined the “bile” of Aphrodite aculeata with a negative result. 
“j Bile” of Aphrodite aculeataA —I find that the stomach of Aphrodite contains in its 
wall haemoglobin ; its presence in the nerve ganglia (of abdomen) had been previously 
detected (Lankester). Although the “bile,” which was of a dark-brown colour, did give 
a faint band in red, yet on evaporating it to dryness and extracting with alcohol a colour¬ 
less and bandless solution was obtained. Chloroform hardly took up anything from the 
same residue, being only faintly yellow. Ether, and acetic ether, also failed to extract 
any colouring matter. It did not contain enterohsematin. It was but little changed 
by nitric or sulphuric acid. It contained only a brown pigment, insoluble in alcohol, 
ether, chloroform, and acetic ether, soluble in water, and unaffected by acids or 
alkalies. 
The Saponification of Vegetable Chlorophyll. 
Kuhne J applied the saponification method to the isolation of the chromophans of 
the retina and succeeded in separating out three pigments from the soap,—chlorophan, 
rhodophan, and xanthophan,—which he designated the “ lichtbestandige ” colouring- 
matters of the retina. He showed their points of difference from the lutein of the 
corpora lutea and from yolk pigments and other bodies which hitherto had been known 
as luteins. It is unnecessary here to describe his results in detail except to mention 
that these pigments agree in showing Schwalbe’s iodine reaction when in the solid 
state, i.e., a green-blue to blue with iodine in iodide of potassium, they also become a 
dark green-blue to blue with concentrated sulphuric or nitric acid,§ and they are 
soluble in the lutein solvents. Kuhne has, however, more recently found that when 
the pigments are pure they may fail to show these colour reactions. Hence all we have 
to rely on is the presence of certain faint bands in the violet and blue parts of the 
spectrum and peculiarities of solubility when we wish to determine the presence of 
such pigments. I have myself repeatedly found that colouring matters giving similar 
* Loc. cit. f Cf. Krukenberg, loc. cit., infra. 
J “ Untersuchun gen ans dem Physio 1 ogischen Institute der Universitat zu Heidelberg,” Band 1, Heft 
4, 1878, and Band 4, Heft 3, 1882. (“ Ueber lichtbestandige Farben der Netzhaut,” Ac.) 
§ Capranica, “ Archiv fur Anatomie und Physiologie,” 1877, Heft 3, S. 285, and Schwalbe, “Hand- 
buch der gesammten Augenheilkunde,” Leipzig, 1874. 
