RESINS. 
27 
the Dipterocarpous tree Yateria indica, is now regarded 
as derived from Agathis loranthifolia, Sal. (A. Dammara, 
Rich., cultivated at Peradeniya, where it was introduced in 
1881). South American copal is the product of Hymenaea 
Courbaril, L., the Locust Tree, cultivated at Peradeniya since 
1882. Other copals are derived from species of Trachy- 
lobium (Trop. Africa and Asia) and other sources. 
Copals are very valuable for carriage varnishes and 
lacquers, also for good photographic varnishes. Their value 
increases, other things being equal, with the height of the 
melting point. 
Ceylon apparently possesses no native resins of this class, 
but some of these trees have been introduced and grow well 
here, and might be worth further cultivation if a local use 
can be found for the resins. 
DAMMAR .—This is an East Indian resin, appearing on 
the market as colourless or yellowish lumps, or stalactites, 
rather soft and smooth, with a very faint smell when fresh. 
Its source has yet to be satisfactorily determined, but appears 
to be a Dipterocarpous tree, Shorea Wiesneri, Stapf. It is a 
very valuable material for lacquers and varnishes; the latter 
are made with oil of turpentine, and are very colourless. It 
is also used in medicine. Other dammars are also obtained 
from Shorea robusta and other Dipterocarps, of which Ceylon 
has several (e.g., Dipterocarpus, Doona, Vateria, Vatica, 
below), and from some of the Burseracese, e.g., Black Dammar 
from Canarium strictum (introduced here in 1871). The 
copal resins of the various species of Agathis were formerly 
confused with dammar. 
ELEMI .—Under this name are classed the resins of the 
family Burseracese ; they are balsamic, white in colour, stiff, 
rich in ethereal oils, and are used in varnishes and lacquers, 
especially spirit varnishes, in medicine, and in lithography. 
The best is Manila Elemi, supposed to be derived from 
