870 
SIR J. B. LAWES AND DR. J. H. GILBERT OX THE COMPOSITION 
for other separated parts constituting the offal (Appendix-Tables I.-X., pp. 580-589); 
and the percentage of ash in each separated part is given in Appendix-Table XII., 
p. 591. At that time the ashes had not been analysed ; but the work has now been 
long completed, and the results have only waited for leisure for adequate discussion. 
It is not proposed even now to treat the subject exhaustively, but to submit the results 
obtained with so much explanation and comment as will suffice to give a clear idea of 
their character, to indicate some of their most important bearings, and to direct the 
further study of them. 
The ashes that have been analysed are, for each of the ten animals—1. Of a pro¬ 
portional mixture of all carcass parts ; 2. Of a proportional mixture of all offal parts ; 
3. Of a proportional mixture of all parts, both carcass and offal, representing the ash 
of the entire animal. 
As separated by the butcher, there is but little difference in the apportionment of the 
different parts to the carcass and offal respectively, in the case of oxen and sheep ; hut 
whilst with these animals the head and feet go with the offal, in the case of the pigs 
they are weighed with the carcass. Accordingly, the head and feet of the pigs were 
separately treated, and the ashes of these parts separately analysed. In the Tables, 
for the sake of comparison with the results for the other animals, those relating to 
the head and feet of the pigs are not included with the carcass ; but they can, of 
course, be reckoned either with the carcass or with the offal as may be desired. 
In the case of the oxen and sheep, the portions yielding carcass-ash are—tlie 
greater part of the skeleton, the flesh, the kidneys, and the fat membrane of the parts. 
In the case of the pigs the skin also is included with the carcass. The offal parts 
yielding ash are-—the stomachs and intestines (without contents and washed), the 
heart, aorta, lungs, windpipe, blood, liver, pancreas, thymus gland, the glands about 
the throat, the spleen, the bladder, gall-bladder, bile, brains, tongue, head flesh, head 
bones, head skin and ears, pelt, hair or wool, leg bones, feet and hoofs, tail flesh, tail 
bones, diaphragm, &c. 
Of the ashes from the carcass parts twelve complete analyses have been made ; that 
is, one for the carcass of each of the ten animals, and two duplicates. The dupli¬ 
cates are of the fat ox, and of the fat sheep, carcass ashes. 
Of the ashes from the offal parts, seventeen complete analyses have been made ; one 
for the offal parts of each animal, one for the head and feet ash of each of the two 
pigs, and five duplicates. 
Of the ashes representing the entire bodies of the animals, eleven analyses have 
been made ; that is one for each animal, and one duplicate. 
In all, therefore, forty complete ash analyses have been made ; and there have fre¬ 
quently been duplicate determinations of individual constituents. The detailed results 
of the analyses are given in Appendix-Table I. (p. 885) for the ashes of the carcass 
parts ; in Appendix-Table II. (p. 886) for the ashes of the offal parts ; and in Appendix- 
Table III. (p. 887) for the entire animal ashes. In the upper division of each Table 
