594 
PHARMACEUTICAL MEETING. 
Khasea hills, I had the pleasure of examining those of Hakgalle, in Ceylon, 
as well as those upon the slopes of the Heilgherries in the Madras Presi¬ 
dency. 
Before I proceed further I cannot do other than acknowledge my deep 
gratitude to their Excellencies Sir Charles M‘Carthy and Sir William Denison, 
the Governors respectively of Ceylon and Madras, for their liberality and 
kind assistance in my inquiries; nor must I omit to mention my esteemed 
friends Mr. Thwaites and Mr. M‘Ivor, who not only promoted my investi¬ 
gations by supplying me with the necessary materials and valuable informa¬ 
tion, but also by their kind hospitality made my visits to Peradenia and 
Ootacamund sources of the most agreeable reminiscence. 
The system of cultivation without shade which Mr. MTvor, after careful 
study of the Cinchona plant in the propagating-house, has put in practice, is 
very different to that adopted in Java by Mr. Junghuhn, who grows the 
plants in the dense shade of the virgin forests. Some facts which I observed 
during frequent visits to the Cinchona plantations in Java induced me to 
judge less unfavourably of Mr. MTvor’s system than had Mr. Junghuhn, 
and I went therefore to the English plantations in order— 
lstly. To convince myself by personal inspection, of the healthy appear¬ 
ance and growth of the trees in the open sunshine. 
2ndly. To collect bark and leaves of different species of Cinchona, and to 
investigate them chemically after my return to Europe. 
I began my inquiries by visiting Ceylon, where I saw in the botanical gar¬ 
den of Peradenia a few specimens of Cinchona succirubra, which as this 
locality is comparatively but little elevated, being only 1600 feet above the 
level of the sea, had been planted in the shade. Although the plants looked 
very healthy, the oldest being from eight to nine feet high, Mr. Thwaites in¬ 
formed me that they grow much better in more lofty situations, such as 
Hakgalle. Among the leaves of C. succirubra which I collected at Peradenia, 
was one which measured eighteen inches in length and twelve inches in 
breadth. The leaves collected at this low elevation above the sea have in¬ 
terested me much, because they contain almost twice as much quinovic acid 
as the leaves of the same species grown in the much loftier situation of 
Ootacamund. 
Upon the beautiful coffee-estate of Messrs. Worms, 3200 feet above the 
level of the sea, I saw a few specimens of C. succirubra and C. micrantha 
growing amongst the coffee-trees, in the most luxuriant state in the open sun¬ 
shine. I was sorry that the paucity of plants prevented my asking for a 
small quantity of the leaves. 
My most interesting visit however as regards Cinchona culture in Cevlon, 
was that to Hakgalle, situated at about 5200 feet above the level of the sea, 
where I saw a number of 22,050 plants of different species of Cinchona, 
under the direct care of Mr. M‘Hicoll. The system of planting in this 
locality is as yet a mixed one, part of the plants being grown in the shade of 
the forest and part in the open sunshine. The shade of the forest however 
is not so dense as in Java, so that even trees planted in the shade obtain a 
certain amount of sunshine. Of the most valuable species, I saw 13,820 
specimens of C. succirubra, the largest plant, only thirty-one months old, 
being ten feet high, with the stem seven inches in circumference at the base ; 
and 57 of C. Calisaya, the produce of twelve healthy plants obtained from 
the Dutch Indian Government in Java. During my inspection of the plants 
I obtained from Mr. Thwaites a dead tree of C. succirubra five feet high, 
with the stem two and three-quarter inches in circumference at the base., I 
was informed by Mr. M‘Nicoll that the loss of his cuttings by death do not 
exceed one-half per cent.,—a fact which I thought particularly remarkable, 
