TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY 
259 
3 . Define the following-.—centripetal, centrifugal, capitulum, cyme, gibbous, spur, 
pappus, papilionaceous, didynamous, carpel, placenta, and thalamus. 
4. What is the Fruit ? How would you distinguish small fruits from seeds ? 
5 . What are the botanical and geographical sources of Officinal and Savanilla Rhatany ? 
show how they may be distinguished from each other ; and mention the active 
constituents, medicinal properties, and officinal preparations of Rhatany. 
6 . What is Cinnamon ? how is it obtained? what are the characters by which it may be 
distinguished from Cassia? and what are the officinal preparations into which it 
enters as an ingredient? 
7 . What are the botanical and geographical sources of Scammony ? Describe its phy¬ 
sical and chemical characters, when pure ; and mention the substances commonly 
employed as adulterants, and the means by which they may be detected. 
8 . ' Give the essential characters of the following Natural Orders, and enumerate the offi¬ 
cinal plants which they respectively contain:—Rutacese, Cucurbitacese, Gentiana- 
cese, Solanacete, Euphorbiacese, and Liliaceee. 
VIVA VOCE EXAMINATION. 
Besides the above questions, the following plants were submitted to the several 
competitors, who were required to name them, to state the Natural Orders to 
which they respectively belonged, to mention their medical and economical pro¬ 
perties, and to describe any peculiarity they might present worthy of notice :— 
Aconitum paniculatum—Delphinium Staphysagria—Nymphaea alba—Papaversomni- 
ferum -Papaver Rhoeas—Chelidonium majus—Sinapis alba—Sinapis nigra—Althaea 
officinalis—Ruta graveolens—Chaerophyllum temulentum—Conium maculatum—Ecba- 
lium officinarum—Knautia arvensis—Artemisia Absinthium—Anthemis nobilis—Lactuca 
virosa—Lobelia inflata—Hyoscyamus niger—Atropa Belladonna—Datura Stramonium 
—Nicotiana Tabacum—Solanum nigrum—Solanum Dulcamara—Borago officinalis— 
Symphytum officinale—Marrubiuin vulgare—Origanum vulgare—Lamiurn album— 
Funkiaovata—Lilium bulbiferum—Veratrum nigrum. 
The medals and certificates were awarded as follows :— 
Medal 1 17 i f Frank Oldfield. 
Medal } ^ qual . \ Gilbert W. Selfe. 
Certificate of Merit .Francis C. Clayton. 
„ Sidney Applegate. 
„ Henry W. Harris. 
.John A. Thomas. 
PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY. 
Dr. Attfield made a few remarks explanatory of the composition of the sub¬ 
stances mentioned in the several questions for examination. The position of 9 , 
student, he said, was not wholly dependent on the result of examination, it was 
much influenced by the character of his daily work during the period of study. 
Mr. Rose, who had obtained the highest place, would probably not be unwilling 
that it should be said of him, that though not the most brilliant man of the 
session, he was eminently the best worker; he had not been absent one day 
during the whole term of pupilage. All the students—and he (Dr. Attfield) 
was glad to say they were many, the number increasing every year—had dis¬ 
played a fair amount of ability and diligence while at work ; but he was obliged 
to state that the attendance of some few was so bad, that it had been found 
necessary to organize a plan by which the attendance of students was registered, 
and the results laid before the Council every month. The register influenced 
the granting of certificates, anl a copy could at any time be forwarded to the 
parents or other immediate friends of a student. To work constantly, N as well 
as diligently, was a duty which a student owed to all around him as well as to 
himself. His fellow-students would be influenced for good or evil, according 
