May 21, 1885 . ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
413 
Ruckerianutn, 5 ; var. insigne, scsptrum, 4; Schillerianum, tripudians, 2 ; 
triumphans, 6 ; Uro-Skinneri, 2 ; vexillarium, 11 ; var. album, var. splendens, 
Wilckeanum, 8. 
Oncidium, altissimum, ampliatum, 3 ; aureum, concolor, 4; cucullatum 
fuscatum, insculptum, juncifolium, Krameri, leucochilum, luridum, macran- 
thum, 2 ; Marshallianum, 5 ; papilio, pulchellum, 2 ; Barcodes, serratum, 
Bphacelatum, 2; superbiens. 
Panisea (CcElogyne), uniflora. 
Pkscatorei, Lehmanni. 
Phaius (Thunia), albus, maculatus, Wallichi. 
Phal.enopsis, Luddemanniana, 3; Parishi, Sanderiana, tetraspis. 
Jk Polystachya, pubescens. 
1 Ponthieva, maculata. 
Renanthera, coccinea. 
Restrepia, antennifera, 2. 
SAccor ,abium ampullaceum, 3 ; retusum. 
Scpticaria, Hadweni. 
I Stelis, muscifera. 
Tethamicra (Leptotes), bicolor. 
Thunia, see Phaius. 
TRicnopiLiA, coccinea. 
Uropedium, Lindeni, 2. 
Vanda, coerulescens, Dennisoniana, 2; suavis, 5; Veitch’s variety, 
tricolor, 2 ; var. formosa, var. insignis, var. Patersoni, teres. 
Warscewiczella, Waillesiana. 
Zygopetalum, Sedeni. 
The nomenclature was generally very accurate, but in one remarkable 
case there was a great diversity of opinion. This was Odontoglossum 
Alexandra, which was shown in about equal numbers under that name 
and as O. crispum, and it seems regretable that some decision cannot be 
adopted respecting these. 0. crispum is admittedly the older name, but 
Mr. Henry Williams has pointed out to me that Lindley described this 
species in the “Folia Orchidacea” as possessing fyellow flowers with 
purple spots “ in the centre,” which certainly cannot be taken as typical 
of the forms now so widely known as 0. Alexandra. In Mr. Bateman’s 
Monograph of the Odontoglossums, the form figured under the latter name 
is white with a rosy tinge and purple spots on the lip, which is obviously 
distinct from that Lindley had in view when preparing his description. 
To meet the difficulty Mr. Henry Williams proposes that the forms with 
white or rose-tinted sepals and petals spotted with brown or purple should 
be termed 0. crispum var. Alexandra, and that all those with yellow- 
tinted sepals and petals should be termed O. crispum. This proposition 
appears to be a very good one, and would permit retaining a name which 
has become popular, while giving due precedence to the older title.— 
Lewis Castle. 
HOT-WATER PIPES. 
Your correspondent, Mr. W. Bardney, is correct as to there being 
sufficient room allowed in each joint for expansion. He does not appear 
to quite understand the reason that joints made with iron borings burst. 
It is this : Iron borings swell under the process of “ rusting ” or oxidis¬ 
ing, and if there be a slight excess of sal ammoniac mixed with the borings 
by the smith a renewed process of “ rusting ” will commence whenever 
the borings are again damp. This will produce enough expansion to 
burst any ordinary hot-water pipe joint. Therefore, a joint made of badly 
mixed borings lasts only as long as the rope caulked into the bottom of 
the socket prevents the water in the pipe from reaching the borings. 
Good rope will last many years if well caulked, hence the length of time 
which elapses before the breakage. Also cold water penetrates the rope 
much more than hot, and therefore there are more breakages when pipes 
are at rest. Your correspondent will notice that a large number of sockets 
crack first at the back, not at the mouth.— Foster & Pearson. 
ANTWERP AND ITS EXHIBITIONS. 
Yery much that is interesting may be seen in this famous old 
and new Flemish city (for the ancient and modern are admirably 
represented) in two or three days at almost any time: but when 
one of the great horticultural shows for which Belgium is so justly 
famed is held in a pavilion of the General International Exhibi- 
t ion, which continues till October, I cannot conceive any time or 
place in Europe more worthyjof being commended to the notice of 
the public generally, and horticulturists particularly, for their 
spending a few days of cessation fromijtoil, which all should 
have, agreeably and profitably. 
British gardeners almost exclusively, and many amateurs 
interested in gardening, spend their holidays in their own land 
n visiting the home surroundings of the affluent where horti¬ 
culture is so well represented—better, probably, in its way than 
in any other country; yet, nevertheless, I am convinced that 
those of the craft who could manage to do so, would find a run 
ever to Belgium during the ensuing summer highly enjoyable, 
for they would see much to admire that certainly cannot be seen 
at home. I saw merely the foreshadowing of the greater sights 
in store and was satisfied, at least for the time, but another 
horticultural show, with the completed “ International,” must if 
possible be visited during the season. 
My two days of sight-seeing were mainly spent in the first of 
the series of shows of the Royal Horticultural and Agricultural 
Society of Antwerp; the Great International Exhibition, or 
“ Exposition Universelle d’Anvers,” and the highly interesting 
nursery of Mr. Charles Yan Geert at Calmpthout, which is now 
being enlarged. 
THE GENERAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 
I make no apology whatever for giving prominence to this 
Exhibition here. It contains an assemblage of the world’s 
products that is, I conceive, quite unequalled anywhere else, and 
hence is of interest to every class, including horticulturists, 
with, in fact, something special for them in the permanent exhi¬ 
bition of trees. Conifers, evergreens, Roses, &c., in the grounds, 
for which medals will be awarded during the season. The 
Exhibition under notice is, both as regards its magnitude, rich¬ 
ness, and variety, far greater than the English public have any 
idea of. This was the unanimous opinion of the homeward 
bound passengers on the Harwich steamer. The extent of 
ground occupied is 220,000 metres, a metre being 1 yard and a 
fraction over 3 inches, or say 4000 metres = an acre. Roughly 
speaking, then, there are 50 acres, about half being covered with 
glass. The building is thus of Crystal Palace-like magnitude, 
but the roof alone is of glass, the sides wood, yet were being 
cased to resemble marble. At the chief entrance is a remarkable 
structure of ironwork, reaching 180 feet high. There are two 
flanking towers each with an hydraulic lift to a platform or 
bridge 00 feet above ground, designed for a restaurant, above 
which the central edifice rises, and is surmounted by a gigantic 
globe. This framework will doubtless be covered to be in keeping 
with the remainder of the building, [and be embellished by 
allegorical figures. In its skeleton form it is stupendous when 
it is considered the building will have served its purpose in a 
year, and all must then come down. In the towers will be 
powerful electric lights that will be visible for miles down the 
Scheldt and the surrounding country. 
But what of the contents of the building ? It can only be 
said they are worthy of the nations contributing. The variety 
is simply bewildering. The extraordinary scope of the display 
may be indicated by two exhibits of a widely differing character 
—namely, examples most chaste and delicate of Brussels lace 
made by the King’s daughters, the Princesses Stephanie and 
Louise, and a coal mine on a scale large enough for working 
purposes, with two shafts and all the paraphernalia for extract¬ 
ing and raising the mineral. This “ mine ” will be open to 
visitors. Almost everything conceivable between those two ex¬ 
tremes are to be found in the Exhibition, from a column of 
Kidney Bean rods, some 30 feet high, to magnificent tapestries 
from the Senate, with food products of all kinds, textile fabrics 
in every form, furniture from various countries, works of art, 
machinery, a cigar trophy on which the great Belgian manufac¬ 
turer, Trinchant, expended 18,000 francs, and a castellated pile 
representing the products and trade of Antwerp with tables 
showing at a glance the increase or decrease in the export and 
import of every article over a period of several years ; in fact, 
the aggregate display is altogether of an extraordinary character. 
Most countries has sent their best wares, Belgium being the 
largest exhibitor, occupying 30,000 metres of space, France 
25,000, with Austria, Germany, Russia, Italy, Portugal, follow¬ 
ing with admirable displays. But England, industrial England, 
enterprising England, is, in comparison, "nowhere.” We see 
Price’s Candle Company, Spratt’s Patent, and a few other ex¬ 
hibits, good as far as they go, but the fact remains that we are 
practically “ out of it,” and it will be well if this is not a mistake. 
Has the mind of the country been filled with “ Healtheries ” 
and “ Inventories ? ” The former was great in magnitude and 
interest, and the latterjmay be still greater when completed; but 
those who can arrange to visit our Exhibition during the summer, 
and in the meantime run over to Antwerp, will not be disap¬ 
pointed with either of the magnificent shows, for that “ over the 
water ” will bear this great test of comparison. 
" Queer matter this for the Journal of Horticulture ,” some 
readers may possibly soliloquise, “ not a bit of gardening in it.” 
I will come to gardening by-and-by ; and the change from 
Orchids and Cabbages will be endured, my object being to in¬ 
timate to those who may arrange to visit Belgium this year on 
the occasion of the great plant Show, August 2nd, or the smaller 
fruit Show, September 17th, that there is something worth going 
for to Antwerp alone, while Ghent, the seat of horticulture, 
and beautiful Brussels are within easy reach. 
Now for a little “ gardening.” The grounds of the great 
Exhibition have been laid out as a pleasure garden by Mr. Fuchs 
of Brussels, and considering that he had only a flat expanse of 
stone pavement to work on, it must be conceded he has done his 
work very well; still there are no particularly striking features 
to arrestjattention. There are large breadths more or less dished 
