PISCES. 
99 
Lebanon; but there are, in addition, numerous skulls, jaws, 
and other remains of Enchodus , Halec , and Cimolichthys, from 
the English Chalk. True Scopelidse, such as Sardinioides 
(Fig. 108), are well preserved in the Upper Cretaceous both 
of Mount Lebanon and Westphalia. Probably related to 
these families also are the flying fishes named Cliirothrix, 
from the Lebanon Chalk. 
The pikes, or Esocidse, and the closely-related “ toothed 
carps,” or Cyprinodontidse, are fresh-water fishes, of which very 
few ancestors are known. Good skeletons of Esox itself are 
exhibited from the Upper Miocene of Oeningen, Baden. 
Fossilised shoals of the small Cyprinodon are shown in fresh¬ 
water marl from the Lower Oligocene of Aix in Provence. 
Sub-order 5.— -Ostariophysi. 
The past history of all fresh-water fishes is very imper¬ 
fectly understood. Fresh-water deposits are of such limited 
extent that they rarely escape destruction for long geological 
periods; and, except perhaps for a few sediments deposited 
at the mouths of rivers, geology has as yet revealed little 
concerning the fresh-water life of Jurassic and Cretaceous 
time3. Of the Characinidse and Cyprinidse (carps, &c.), 
therefore, very little is known among fossils, although they 
date back to the early Tertiary. The best examples are 
tench, roach, &c., from the Upper Miocene of Oeningen in 
Table-case 29. It is equally difficult to discover satisfactory 
fossil remains of the Siluroids, or “ cat-fishes,” although some 
of these are marine. The skull of Buchlandium diluvii, from 
the Lower Eocene London Clay of Sheppey, is typically 
Siluroid ; and fragments from the Bracklesham Beds cannot 
be distinguished from the corresponding parts of the living 
genus Arius. 
Sub-order 6 . —Apodes. 
Typical eels have existed since the Cretaceous period, 
and Urenchelys, represented in Table-case 29 by fine speci¬ 
mens from the Upper Cretaceous of Mount Lebanon, only 
differs from the modern genera in possessing a distinct tail- 
fin. Well-preserved eels are also found in the Upper Eocene 
of Monte Bolca, near Verona ( Eomyrus ), and in the Upper 
Miocene of Oeningen, Baden {Anguilla). 
H 2 
Table-cases 
27 , 28 . 
Wall-case 
16 . 
Table-case 
28 . 
Wall-case 
16 . 
Table-case 
29 . 
Table-case 
29 . 
Table-case 
29 . 
