February 28.1884. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
179 
FRUIT. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. ‘d. 
n s. 
d 
Apples .. .. 
1 
6 
to 5 
0 
Nectarines .. 
dozen 
0 
0 
to .0 
0 
ft • • • • 
per barrel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Oranges. 
6 
0 
10 
0 
Apricots ., 
.. box 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Peaches. 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Chestnuts .. 
.. bushel 10 
0 
0 
0 
Pears, kitchen 
dozen 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Tigs .. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
,, dessert 
dozen 
1 
0 
e 
0 
Filberts.. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pine Apples English .. ft. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Cobs .. .. 
1 
S 
1 
4 
Plums and Damsons .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
G-rapes .. .. 
3 
0 
8 
0 
Strawberries.. 
.. oz. 
0 
0 
1 
0 
Lemon .. .. 
,. oase 
IS 
0 
21 
0 
St. Michael Pines 
. .each 
2 
0 
8 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
S. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
d. 
8 
Artichokes 
.. dozen 
2 
0 
to 4 
0 
Mushrooms .. 
punnet 
l 
0 
to 1 
6 
Beans, Kidney 
100 
2 
6 
0 
0 
Mustard and Cress 
punnet 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Beet, Red 
.. dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Onions . 
bushel 
2 
6 
3 
8 
Broccoli .. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Parsley .. dozen bunches 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Brussels Sprouts 
.. i sieve 
1 
6 
2 
6 
Parsnips. 
dozen 
i 
0 
2 
0 
Cabbage .. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Potatoes. 
cwt. 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Capsicums 
100 
1 
6 
2 
0 
,, Kidney .. 
cwt. 
4 
0 
5 
0 
Carrots .. 
0 
S 
0 
4 
Rhubarb. 
bundle 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Cauliflowers .. 
.. dozen 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Salsafy. 
bundle 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Celery .. .. 
.. bundle 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Scorzonera 
bundle 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Coleworts doz. bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Seakale. 
basket 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Cucumbers 
.. each 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Shallots. 
..ft. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Endive .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Spinach. 
bushel 
2 
6 
3 
6 
Herbs 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Tomatoes 
.. ft. 
2 
0 
2 
6 
Leeks .. .. 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Turnips .. .. .. 
bunch 
0 
S 
0 
0 
Lettuce .. 
1 
0 
1 
6 
GRASS SEEDS EOR LAYING DOWN LAND TO 
PERMANENT PASTURE. 
(Continued from / p a fl e 160.) 
The seeds for good loams possessing a fair quantity of 
humus or vegetable matter, and at the same time being dry 
and friable, must be nest considered. Generally speaking, 
these soils will, it* prop rly manured, be rich enough to produce 
abundant crops of Grass in permanent pasture. The following 
varieties, four of which Mr. Faunce de Laune describes as the 
four coarse Grasses, are valuable beyond all others for permanent 
pasture:— 
lbs. per acre. 
Cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata) . 12 
Timothy (Phleum pratense) . 4 
Dog’s-tail (Cynosurus cristatus). 4 
Tall Fescue (Festuca elatior). 4 
Meadow Foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis). 4 
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) . 4 
White Dutch (Trifolium repens pewnne) . 4 
Cow Grass (Tiifolium pratense perenne). 4 
Total quantity per acre. 40 lbs. 
Referring to the seeds here named and included for good 
loamy land, it must also be remembered that nothing beyond 
ordinary tillage will be required if the land is clean, except 
green crops, Ac., ploughed in, because we are now alluding to 
soils which are naturally fertile enough to produce fair crops 
of Grass, especially if these are made equal to the requirements 
of full crops by previous manuring and cultivation; and we mean 
by this preparation that in case of the land for some years 
having been regulai'ly manured and tilled under alternate 
husbandry it will require very little extra cultivation. In the 
event of the soil having become foul with couch a fallow will 
be required for the full term of a long, or winter and summer 
fallow, and it should be sown with Wheat in the month of 
October, after the application of a good dressing of yard 
manure. If the land is rough and cloddy so much the better, 
because when the seeds are sown at the end of March or first 
week in April the clods will then afford abundance of fine 
mould for burying the seeds. Where no manure is laid on, 
3 or 4 cwt of bone superphosphate may be applied at seed 
time with the Wheat, and 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda in February 
orMarch at the time of sowing the Grass seeds. 
The preparation should be as follows:—Commence working 
by giving several tines with heavy iron lifting drags, then roll 
with the Cambridge iron four-horse ring roller, and then sow 
the heavy and light Grass seeds separately, one lengthways, the 
other crossways, as the grooves formed by the rings of the roller 
will accept the seeds, and one or two tines with the chain harrow 
following .will effectually bury them with the fine pulverised 
earth obtained by the breaking down of the weather-beaten 
clods In this .way all these sorts of seeds which are very small 
will not be buried too deeply, as the grooves made by the ring 
roller form the best seed bed for regulating their depth. 
Our reason for sowing the Grass seeds in the Wheat in 
preference to Lent corn is because we found that they take 
much bet er in the young Wheat than when sown in the Barley 
or Oats, but especially when the Wheat is sown after a crop of 
Potatoes, for then the weather-beaten surface affords a firm 
and favourable seed bed. Again, we prefer sowing Grass seeds 
in the young Wheat rather than upon a naked fallow, as the 
W heat during its growth protects the young Grass plants until 
the harvest during which time they obtain a strong root-hold 
on the soil without being overpowered by numerous kinds of 
weeds as when sown on a fall w surface, in which case they 
would require to be mown down, weeds and all. Another point 
is, that after the Wheat has been harvested the young seeds, 
which should not be fed off by sheep under any circumstances in 
the autumn, will become strong and well established before the 
adverse weather of our winter commences. If an over-abundant 
growth requires it let it be fed lightly by young cattle. As soon 
as the Wheat is cleared off the seeds should be rolled with the 
heavy ring roller. This will press the land firmly round the 
roots of the young plants, and insure their successful root-hold¬ 
ing before the approaching winter sets in. 
The best kinds of seed to be sown upon a very different 
class of soils compared with those which we have just provided 
fo—viz., light soils resting on chalk, gravel, sand, or limestone 
—may now be considered. Although the manuring and treat¬ 
ment of the land may be rather different in some instances, yet 
the seeds we shall name are well adapted and quite adequate 
to any difference of aspect or climate in the kingdom. The list 
we propose for sowing is as follows as to sorts and quantities 
lbs. per acre. 
Cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata) . 12 
Dog’s-tail (Cynosurus cristatus). 5 
Hard Fescue (Festuca duriuscula) . 4 
Sheep’s Fescue (Festuca ovina). 4 
Smooth Meadow Grass (Poa pratensis) . 4 
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium). 4 
Suckling Clover (Tiifolium minus) . 4 
White Dutch Clover (Trifoiium repens perenne) . 4 
Total quantity per acre .41 lbs. 
As it is well known that each of these soils above referred 
to suffer more or less from dry weather, there is a great reason 
why we should grow Grasses and Clovers of deep-rooting va¬ 
rieties ; and those we have chosen are specially valuable, not 
only for maintaining a plant on the soils named, but are also 
very nutritious, and will the second year after the plants are 
established bear the sharp biting of sheep, although their 
incisors are very prejudicial to the future growth of some sorts 
of Grasses and Clovers. It is notorious that these soils all 
suffer from severe drought in certain seasons. It is also to be 
remembered that they possess little or no humus or vegetable 
matters, and, like the strong class of soils referred to previously, 
may have been robbed of what litt'e they contained by exhaust¬ 
ing systems of cropping. We must therefore meet this matter 
somewhat in the same manner, but for a rather different purpose, 
for in the strong soils we require a strong growth of haulmy 
plants where the stems are large and capable of acting in a 
mechanical manner by opening and loosening the soil, where s 
this is just the reverse on light soils. We should, therefore, 
grow green forage plants for ploughing-in on the fallows, a 
succession of succulent plants for the purpose of affording in 
their decay a large amount of vegetable matters without much 
woody fibre. 
It will be noticed that we have purposely omitted Fiorin 
(Agrostis stolonifera) from our list of seeds upon the soils 
named, for the reason that, although it is perhaps the best 
known of all Grasses, it resembles Water Grass or Twitch of 
some strong soils, especially London clays; and when it is made 
into hay, which after being given to sheep upon arable land, its 
waste is sure to leave its seeds and foul the land, and in the 
same way when the hay wasted by cattle in the yards or boxes, 
it is sure to find its way into the arable land when the manure is 
laid out. Although it affords an early and late bite when other 
Grasses are scarce, and is therefore one of the valuable con¬ 
stituents of pastures, still it is only in those cases where the 
pastures, as in some of the midland and western districts of the 
kingdom, which are held and occupied separately and apart from 
tillage lands; therefore instead of the Fiorin we have introduced 
the Yarrow (Achillea) which is an herb rather than a Gras 5 , but it 
