June 19, 1884. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
499 
Laurels, are liable, we regret to say we know of no general remedy. We can 
only suggest in your case that if your tree makes gross growths to lift it in 
the autumn and place the roots in fresh loam with an admixture of calcareous 
matter, making the soil firm, and thus incite the emission of a number of 
surface fibres, these conducing to sturdier growths and smaller and stouter- 
textured leaves. 
Names of Plants {Thorn). — 3, Viburnum Opulus; 4, Listera ovata ; 
5, Cytisus albus ; 6, Geranium pratense ; 7, Veronica Beccabunga. The 
other specimens were too imperfect to be recognised. {G. T., Ojforto). —A 
variety of Oncidium sarcodes. The Moss is Mnium undulatum, sometimes 
called the Palm Tree Moss. (J. J., Lancashire). —The Cattleyas are both 
varieties of C. Mendeli. The Brassia is B. verrucosa, and the Dendrobium 
is D. crystallinum. {0. W. S.). —We do not undertake, as we have many 
times stated, to name varieties of florists’ flowers. ( Subscriber ).—1, Picea 
pectinata; 2, Fagus sylvatica asplenifolia; 3, Viburnum Opulus ; 4, Rhodo- 
dendrum punctatum ; 5, Pyrus aria ; G, A Sedum, specimen insufficient. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET.—June 18th. 
A FEW outdoor Strawberries to hand this week, prices being considerably affected. 
Best Peaches and Pines in demand. Trade as last week. 
FRUIT. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
Apples . 
J sieve 
1 
6 
to 5 
0 
Oranges . 
.. 100 
6 
0 to 10 
0 
Chestnuts .. 
bushel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Peaches . 
per doz. 
6 
0 
12 
0 
Figs . 
dozen 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Pears, kitchen .. 
dozen 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Filberts. 
.. ft. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
,, dessert 
dozen 
1 
0 
e 
0 
Cobs . 
per lb. 
1 
s 
1 
6 
Pine Apples English., lb. 
2 
0 
s 
0 
Grapes . 
.. lb. 
2 
0 
5 
0 
Strawberries.. 
.. lb. 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Lemon .. .. 
c . case 
IS 
0 
21 
0 
St. Michael Pines 
. .each 
2 
0 
6 
0 
VEGETABLES 
S. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
Artichokes 
dozen 
2 
0 
to 4 
0 
Mushrooms .. . 
punnet 
0 
0 
to 1 
6 
Beans, Kidney 
lb. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Mustard and Cress 
punnet 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Beet, Red 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Onions. 
bushel 
2 
6 
3 
0 
Broccoli. 
bundle 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Parsley .. dozen bunches 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Brussels Sprouts .. 
4 sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Parsnips. 
dozen 
i 
0 
2 
0 
Cabbage . 
dozen 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Potatoes. 
. cwt. 
4 
0 
5 
0 
Capsicums 
too 
1 
6 
2 
0 
,, Kidney . 
. cwt. 
4 
0 
g 
0 
Carrots. 
bunch 
0 
3 
0 
4 
„ New .. . 
cwt. 
8 
0 
14 
0 
Cauliflowers .. 
dozen 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Rhubarb. 
bundle 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Celery . 
bundle 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Salsafy. 
bundle 
I 
0 
0 
6 
Coleworts doz. bunches 
2 
O 
4 
0 
Scorzonera 
bundle 
1 
6 
0 
6 
Cucumbers 
each 
0 
3 
0 
6 
Shallots . 
0 
3 
0 
6 
Endive. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Spinach . 
bushel 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Herbs . 
bunch 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Tomatoes 
.. lb. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Leeks . 
bunch 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Turnips. 
bunch 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Lettuce . 
dozen 
1 
0 
1 
6 
„ New . . .. 
bunch 
1 
0 
0 
0 
ARABLE AND PASTURE FARMING. 
(Continued from page 478.) 
We must now refer to lands of less value, although not less itn 
portant to the owners and occupiers—we mean pastures adapted only 
for dairy purposes, and more or less mixed in occupation with arable 
lands of many shades and varieties of natural fertility, except on the 
chalk hills. These are so extensive and form so large a portion of 
the landed property in the kingdom, that under the present depression 
in agricultural pursuits they involve, not only interests of unusual 
magnitude in a commercial point of view, but matters of very serious 
consequence to agriculture as well as many trades and callings, 
especially in the inland districts and provincial towns ; in fact the 
welfare of the owners and occupiers of a great part of the land is 
intimately connected with the general interests of the kingdom. It 
must also be stated how these properties of mixed soils and situations 
can be best managed for the interests, not only of the owners and 
occupiers, but for the class interests of the kingdom also. For by 
the present mode of conducting many farms, whether occupied by a 
tenant or in the hands of a home farmer, they are often managed 
upon a system which is totally inadequate for contending with the 
difficulties peculiar to times of depression, aiising either from a suc¬ 
cession of adverse seasons, the low price of corn, or from the con¬ 
tinuation of practices both in stocking and cropping ill adapted to 
the altered circumstances of agriculture, all this being illustrated by 
facts which are patent to all observers, and which have had serious 
consequences in connection with all persons connected with the ordi¬ 
nary farms both of arable and pasture land throughout the kingdom. 
To prove this we need only call attention to the ever-increasing area 
of untenanted farms, for we notice vale lands in some counties 
hitherto let (at least up to 1878) at high rents in consequence of the 
tenants’ competition amongst themselves for possession of these farms. 
The aspect of whole districts is completely changed, so that thousands 
of acres are untenanted and left in the hands of the owners and the 
home farmers in the most foul and reduced condition ; and this is 
the serious condition with which hundreds of home farmers as well 
as occupying tenants have to contend at the present time. Let us 
ask what the world and the writers credited with representing public 
opinion say upon the subject. The cry is general that less corn 
should be sown and more stock must be kept, and these observations 
are made often without any reference to the soil or any kind of stock 
or system of cropping. The only remedy offered quite irrespective 
of soils or breeds of cattle is that more land should be laid into 
pasture, that more cattle should be raised including sheep, and also 
that less corn should be sown. We do not propose to listen to what 
is said upon such a subject, but in the light of our own experience 
will endeavour to formulate a mode of treatment by cropping and 
stocking, which is calculated to meet a set of new circumstances by 
wdiich a large portion of the farmers of our country are surrounded. 
As an illustration of a new r departure compared with the usual and 
former modes of management the case of a farm of 200 acres may 
be taken, fifty acres being in pasture adapted for dairy farming. The 
late or former mode of cropping and stocking has been the four-course 
or Norfolk rotation for the arable, and the stock consisting of sheep 
to consume the produce of the root-lain upon the land, except a 
portion of the Mangold crop for feeding dairy cows and young cattle, 
including perhaps some bullocks fattened in stalls or boxes. The 
points of disadvantage attending this system of management are as 
follows : The root-lain being one-fourth of the arable, the Lent corn 
one-fourth, Clovers, &c., also one-fourth, and the remaining fourth 
being cropped with Wheat. The fatting bullocks in the boxes always 
receive roots, and when receiving hay and cake or corn in addition 
as usually given they do not yield any profit on the transaction. The 
sheep stock whilst feeding off roots on the land where they were 
grown do not pay for the roots, much less for the hay, cake, or corn 
frequently added ; and after the working horses have been provided 
for, the residue of hay, roots, and grazing will not furnish sufficient 
food for many dairy cows and young stock, although they are really 
when well bred and well managed, as a butter-making, calf-suckling 
for veal, or a milk-selling herd the most profitable stock on the farm, 
commercially speaking. The only items for sale grown or produced 
on the farm under this system (the hay being all consumed, as also 
the roots) will be the Wheat crop and a portion of the Lent corn, the 
remainder being consumed by the horses and swine according to 
circumstances. Under this system there is only the manure which 
is valuable arising from the horses, the swine, the dairy cows, and 
young stock ; and lastly the manure left by the sheep on the land 
where fed. But against this item we must bring forward a formid¬ 
able indictment. These animals, even when liberally fed with hay 
and cake on the mixed or strong soils, tread the land to a great dis¬ 
advantage during at least half the winter period whilst fattening ; 
therefore one-half of the land is deteriorated and requires extra labour 
before sowing the Lent corn. On the other half one-quarter part is 
sown with Lent corn too late in order to accommodate the sheep ; the 
remaining quarter part whereon was grown roots for use and con¬ 
sumption at the homestead by cattle, horses, and swine, which land 
will require to be manured from the farmyard before seeding with 
Lent corn. In adverse seasons, however, the sheep cannot always be 
sold when the root crops are finished, in which case they either feed 
on the pasture land to its injury or on the Clovers and Grasses on the 
arable, and thus reduce the hay produce for the next winter. How 
are the farmers to find under this the customary mode of cropping 
and stocking sufficient commercial profits to meet their engagements 
and all their expenditure ? It cannot be done under the best of 
management, simply because the sheep and bullocks do not pay ; and 
the short number of dairy cows and young stock, profits which with 
a short acreage of low-priced corn are totally inadequate to meet the 
comparatively fixed charges of rent, tithes, rates, and taxes, together 
with incidental charges for labour, tradesmen, seed and manure bills. 
Here leaving out various accidental contingencies is the cause most 
glaringly evident, which has produced those extensive failures to 
which we have previously alluded. 
In order to avoid the difficulties which the foregoing mode of 
management imposes upon the farmers, a new sj^stem must be 
adopted, and for illustration we will take a farm of the same size 
as that already mentioned, including 50 acres of pasture adapted for 
feeding dairy cows and young cattle, the object being to produce 
butter, or veal, or milk for sale, but entirely dispensing with sheep. 
The rotation of cropping should be as follows, and commonly called 
a three-course :—First course, Wheat, 50 acres to be prepared for, 
as stated hereafter ; second course, Lent corn, 50 acres of Barley, 
Oats, or drege, according to the soil and situation, to be prepared 
for as follows : 20 acres, part of to be seeded with Greystone Turnip 
seed immediately after the Wheat is cleared off ; a portion to be 
ploughed and sown between the lines of sheaves every day as fast as 
ploughed. The young Turnips to be ploughed-in as manure for the 
Barley to be sown in the following month of March, to be seeded 
with Red Clover and Trefoil in admixture with Cock’s-foot and 
