JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
June 30, 1881. ] 
Names of Plants (L. S„ Surrey). —1, Hedychium Gardnerianum; 2, Asple- 
nium cicutarium ; 3, Doodia media; 4, Adiantum tenerum ; 5, Pteris tremula ; 
6, Davallia dissecta. (Iota). —Periploca groeca. (J. T. S.).~ It is impossible for 
anyone to name with accuracy sprays of plants simply enclosed in letters, which 
are not only crushed into a shapeless mass, but quite shrivelled by remaining in 
the post office throughout Sunday. We can only suggest that the blue flower 
is Centaurea montana ; the other is totally unrecognisable. (Reader). — 1, 
Valeriana officinalis (common Valerian); 2, Atriplex horteusis (garden Orache); 
3, Oxalis stricta (Upright Wood Sorrel) ; 4, iEgopodium Podagraria (Herb 
Gerard, or Gout Weed). (Rosa). —The Orchid was insufficient; send another 
specimen. The other plant is Asarum canadense. 
Removing Sections (Buzz). — Sections are almost always found most 
nearly complete towards the centre of the tray or rack. If the honey yield is 
good and likely to continue we simply draw out the full boxes and replace 
empty ones, but if we know we are drawing towards the close of the harvest we 
contract the rack, removing the finished boxes and pushing the remainder 
together. We thiuk it a wise plan to watch for the close of the honey yield 
and then take our nearly-completed boxes from our weaker hives and place 
them over one or more of our strongest, feeding with extracted honey if neces¬ 
sary in order to get all into marketable condition. This plan may exclude the 
seetions from exhibition, however, the matter turning upon the wording of the 
schedule. Feeding with extracted honey is costly, and will only pay for mere 
finishing. The honey so fed must be diluted with quite an equal quantity of 
water, as with thick honey the bees are unable to work freely. The sealing 
made from fed honey is always exceedingly white and pure, as it is free from 
propolis, the presence of which often sadly stains and freckles the late autumn 
gathering. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET.—JUNE 29. 
Trade somewhat improved during the week, and with good supplies prices 
easier. Large quantities of Strawberries are now reaching us from the home 
counties as well as the south, and prices this week will be at their lowest. 
FRUIT. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Apples. 
i sieve 
0 
OtoO 
0 
Melons . 
each 
2 
6to 4 
0 
Apricots. 
box 
1 
6 
3 
0 
Nectarines.. 
dozen 
6 
0 
10 
0 
Cherries. 
%» ft. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Oranges .... 
%>• 100 
4 
0 
8 
0 
Chestnuts. 
bushel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Peaches .... 
dozen 
6 
0 
20 
0 
Figs. 
dozen 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Pears,kitchen .. 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Filberts. 
If* lb. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
dessert .... 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Cobs. 
V lb 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pine Apples 
%>• tb 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Gooseberries .... 
i sieve 
2 
6 
3 
6 
Strawberries 
per lb. 
0 
4 
1 
0 
Grapes . 
If* lb 
3 
0 
8 
e 
Walnuts ... 
bushel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Lemons. 
V ease 12 
0 
18 
0 
ditto .... 
V 100 
0 
0 
0 
o 
VEGETABLES. 
8. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Artichokes. 
dozen 
2 
0to4 
0 
Mushrooms 
punnet 
A 
otoi 
<5 
Asparagus. 
bundle 
3 
0 
5 
0 
Mustard & Cress . 
punnet 
0 
2 
0 
3 
Beans,Kidney .... 
4P 100 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Onions. 
bushel 
3 
6 
5 
0 
Beet, Red. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
pickling .. 
quart 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Broccoli. 
bundle 
0 
9 
1 
6 
Parsley. 
doz.bunches 
6 
0 
0 
0 
Brussels Sprouts.. 
$ sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Parsnips .... 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
dozen 
0 
6 
1 
0 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Carrots. 
bunch 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Potatoes .... 
bushel 
3 
9 
4 
0 
Capsicums. 
$>■ 100 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Kidney.... 
bushel 
4 
0 
4 
6 
Cauliflowers. 
dozen 
0 
0 
3 
6 
Radishes.... 
doz .bunches 
i 
6 
2 
0 
Celery. 
bundle 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Rhubarb .... 
bundle 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Coleworts_doz. bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Salsafy. 
bundle 
i 
0 
0 
0 
Cucumbers. 
each 
0 
4 
0 
8 
Scorzo'nera 
bundle 
i 
6 
0 
0 
Endive. 
dozen 
i 
0 
2 
0 
Seakale . 
basket 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Fennel. 
bunch 
0 
8 
0 
0 
Shallots. 
I?- lb. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Garlic . 
^ lb. 
0 
6 
0 
0 
Spinach .... 
bushel 
3 
0 
0 
0 
Herbs. 
bunch 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Turnips. 
bunch 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Leeks. 
bunch 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Vegetable Marrows each 
0 
0 
0 
0 
POULTRY AND PIGEON CHRONICLE. 
THE DISEASES OF SHEEP AND LAMBS. 
This subject is one of the most important to be considered by 
the manager of the home farm. Disease and difficulties attend¬ 
ing the shepherding of the flocks are of daily—nay, frequently of 
hourly—occurrence ; and not only are there diseases which may 
be brought out by the action of the atmosphere and the food con¬ 
sumed by the animals, but there are disorders which termed 
hereditary, and some are incidental to ewes either during preg¬ 
nancy or at the time of parturition. It should, however, be 
remembered that although many of the losses of both ewes and 
lambs at the time of yeaning cannot be called diseases, yet they 
have an efEect often attended with more serious consequences 
than any epidemic. In consequence it will be necessary to point 
out what diseases and disasters to which sheep and lambs are 
liable are due to the general management and treatment by the 
home farmer and his shepherd. It will be necessary, too, to under¬ 
stand and define diseases which cannot be controlled or prevented, 
541 
and those which may be prevented by anticipatory management. 
It is of the utmost importance to consider how many of the causes 
of disease are within our control, and those which are purely the 
result of atmospheric influence ; on the other hand, how many of 
the diseases attending our flocks are really due to neglect and 
inconsiderate or inexperienced management. The home farmer 
will see most clearly the direction his course must take, and it 
will be our endeavour in writing upon this subject to aid him in 
understanding and surmounting the difficulties he will encounter. 
It must be admitted that the home farmer having the manage¬ 
ment of sheep stock has daily opportunities of witnessing the 
commencement, progress, and termination of disease occurring on 
the farm, and by studying the causes said to produce them he will 
be enabled in a short time to treat them successfully. 
The first portion of the subject is the diseases which have proved 
so fatal to flocks in various counties and districts of England 
during the several past wet and cold seasons. We find that the 
mortality arising from causes such as the rot applies chiefly to the 
grazing districts where the animals live principally upon pasture 
lands ; but as an article was given in this Journal of July 31st, 
1379, upon the subject of the rot or coathe it is unnecessary to 
enlarge upon the subject on this occasion. We may, however, 
take this opportunity of stating that through the influence of the 
late unfavourable seasons for sheep they have suffered largely 
from another disease affecting the liver without the presence of 
any flukes, although the symptoms are frequently mistaken for 
the true rot. It consists from some undefined cause of changes in 
the constituents of the bile, producing white streaks and spots and 
general paleness of the liver, and ultimately so far destroys the 
ordinary secreting functions of the liver as to produce an impure 
quality of blood and its necessary consequences, such as dropsy 
and gradual wasting of the tissues of the body. These diseases, 
being always aggravated by an excess of moisture, have been 
materially augmented for several years past by the extraordinary 
amount of rain that has fallen. On a post-mortem examination of 
several animals which have died under wasting symptoms we have 
found the livers greatly enlarged, and which would break readily 
between the fingers. This is called “ sand rot,” but it is often 
termed “ dry rot.” It is generally believed to be caused not only 
by an excess of moisture on the herbage and the soil, but also by 
the deposit of sand on the grass by floods. We have often seen 
this silt on the grass on very poor clay soils after the subsidence 
of water, the result of excessive rains, which does not quickly 
disappear by absorption in these strong soils ; but although this 
disease is incurable it is preventible. The way in which this 
silted and tainted herbage acts upon the system is not only an 
interesting but an important question, quite worthy of study by 
our professors of veterinary pathology. 
On taking up another point we must observe it is notorious that 
in some districts, especially in the southern and eastern counties, 
a great mortality of lambs has occurred for some years past, and 
that these losses are now continuing to increase as the yeaning 
period comes round, and these losses have fallen upon the lambs 
about and soon after lambing. From the early age at which the 
lambs die there is no time for disease to be engendered in their 
systems ; we must therefore carry our inquiry as to causes back, 
and see if we cannot discover some predisposing causes connected 
with the system of breeding and management carried out by our 
flock masters in the above-named districts. At any rate, we will 
give a few hints for consideration on this part of the subject. 
First with regard to breeding. We fear very much that the 
hardihood and constitution of the male animals in many of our 
breeds of sheep have suffered in no slight degree fronT’the prac¬ 
tice now so general of forcing them to an unnatural size and fat¬ 
ness at an early age, with the view of making them'appear larger 
and better on the day of sale than they would .be if reared in a 
