JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
22G 
[ March 16, 1882. 
o o 
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0 0 
0 0 
o e 
o o 
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ooo 
0 12 0 
8. <1. 
Apples. J sieve 2 0to6 0 
Apricots. doz. 0 0 0 0 
Cherries. ^ lb. o 
Chestnuts... bushel 16 
Currants, Black . i sieve o 
„ Red.... i sieve 0 
Figs. dozen 0 
Filberts. Ftb. 0 
Cobs. v 100 ft. 50 
Gooseberries .... j sieve 0 
Grapes . 4P tt> 6 
s.d. s. d. 
Artichokes. dozen 2 0to4 o 
Asparagus. bundle 9 0 10 0 
Beans, Kidney .... ^ 100 2 0 2 G 
Beet,Red. dozen 10 2 0 
Broccoli. bundle 0 9 16 
Brussels Sprouts.. J sieve 13 1 G 
Cabbage. dozen 0 6 10 
Carrots. bunch 0 4 0 6 
Capsicums. ^ 100 1 6 2 0 
Cauliflowers. dozen 10 3 6 
Celery . bundle 16 2 0 
Coleworts_doz. bunches 2 0 4 0 
Cucumbers. each 0 9 10 
Endive. dozen 1 o 2 0 
Fennel. bunch 0 3 o o 
Garlic . pit. 0 6 oo 
Herbs. bunch o ^ 0 0 
Leeks. bunch 0 3 0 4 
FRUIT. 
s. d. 
Lemons. 
Melons . 
Nectarines. 
Oranges . 
Readies . 
Pears,kitchen .. 
dessert . 
Pine Apples .... 
Strawberries .... 
Walnuts . 
VEGETABLES. 
Mushrooms . 
Mustard* Cress ., 
Onions. 
pickling. 
Parsley. doz. 
Parsnips . 
Potatoes . 
Kidney. 
Radishes.... doz 
Rhubarb. 
Salsafy. 
Scorzonera . 
Seakale . 
Shallots. 
Spinach . 
Tomatoes . 
Turnips. 
Vegetable Marrow 
^ case 12 
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bushel 7 
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bunches 3 
dozen 1 
bushel 2 
bushel 3 
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bundle 1 
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basket 
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*> lb. 1 
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POULTRY AND PIGEON CHRONICLE. 
CROSS-BREEDING HORSES. 
This subject is of great importance, probably more so than at 
any former period, for some types of useful horses for general 
purposes are almost lost to us at present, and we have unfor¬ 
tunately no special breed of pedigree to replace them, hence if 
we require useful horses they must be obtained by crossing. The 
plan adapted for obtaining them, and mating the animals for the 
purpose, is frequently but little understood by farmers, therefore 
it is necessary that the correct principles of cross-breeding should 
be both scientifically and practically set forth, and which is our 
present purpose. 
Breeding farm horses was discussed in this Journal on the 30th 
of January, 1879. We shall, therefore, now chiefly refer to the 
obtaining by crossing such breeds of horses as are most in request 
and mot difficult to obtain. In order to the attainment of our 
object we must consider the influence of the male parent and the 
female parent separately, so far as they each influence the style 
and character of the offspring. In the majority of instances that 
the male parent governs the size and external shape, especially 
in the back and hind quarters of the offspring, whilst the female 
influences the constitution, the nervous system, and often the 
head and fore quarters ; the reverse, however, occurs occasionally, 
but much more frequently when mating animals the pedigree 
of which are unknown. Animals without any tradition, espe¬ 
cially those of the first cross, are liable to breed back as it is 
called, and, instead of producing their like, exhibit in their pro¬ 
geny the various characteristics of former generations, hence 
the necessity or advantage of pedigree. We have, however, no 
pedigree which can be depended upon of any special breeds, such 
as hunters, hacks, and carriage horses ; neither can we find a 
pedigree of sufficient importance connected with the cob horses, 
whether of Norfolk trotting blood or of the Galloway, Scotch, or 
Irish animals, the general height of all these being about four¬ 
teen hands, but stout in proportion, with plenty of bone and high 
action. But to be sure of our progeny when mating the race¬ 
horse or Arab with good mares of pace, substance, and endurance, 
we are more likely to obtain in the offspring good hunters and 
hacks, and frequently first-class animals for harness. When 
weight-carrying animals are required we must be sure and select 
sires which show full blood in their pedigree, and great substance 
and power in their shape, make, and bone. 
The mating of first-rate racing blood horses with half-breed 
mares is not always to be depended upon for the obtaining of 
first-class hunters, for we can find examples which are always 
more telling than precepts, and propose to adduce a few instances 
of successful breeding with half-bred horses and well-bred mares, 
and the reverse. A friend of ours rode a mare for some twelve 
years without her making a mistake ; she was good in all her 
paces, a fair hunter, excellent jumper, and a capital hack. She 
was bred from a three-parts-bred mare (a good hunter) by 
a young half-bred horse, pedigree unknown or forgotten. Her 
dam afterwards bred three other colts by thoroughbred sires, none 
of which proved of any value ; they could not carry weight, and 
none of them paid the expenses of rearing. This shows that 
without pedigree of long standing the results are very uncertain. 
Another instance in which a rather heavy but active and useful 
cart mare belonging to the same owner bred two colts by thorough¬ 
bred horses, neither of which repaid expenses. They had the 
bodies of the dam and the legs of their sires. Another gentleman 
had a splendid trotting mare that he regarded as very valuable, 
for she had substance, showed plenty of breed, and was good in 
all her paces as well as the trot. After some years she was 
devoted to the stud, and bred five foals, the first by a good half- 
bred horse, and the others by different thoroughbred horses. Her 
first foal showed much more substance than any of the others, 
made a good price, and proved a valuable animal during her day. 
Not one of the others repaid expenses. One proved a clever animal 
for a light weight, but none possessed sufficient substance to be 
anything like as valuable as the mare. In continuation of ex¬ 
amples we must introduce a case in which a small but very neat 
mare almost thoroughbred was mated with a large Yorkshire 
trotting stallion, and the produce was sold at three years old for 
£G0 ; when afterwards the same mare was mated with thorough 
stallions the stock was all deficient in substance, and consequently 
unprofitable. We have, we think, given sufficient instances of 
cross-breeding to show the bad policy of using thoroughbred 
stallions for the purpose of obtaining good useful backs, hunters, 
&c., unless they happen to be animals of great power and sub¬ 
stance, and can be shown to have a good pedigree. 
Having stated that in cross-breeding the tendency of the female 
influence on the offspring was to affect chiefly the constitution, 
the nervous system, and frequently the head and forequarters, 
we can support this statement by an instance which occurred in 
our management some years ago. On entering the occupation of 
a farm we found a valuable cart mare of very great power and 
substance ; but it was said that she was sometimes rather nervous 
and inclined to kick and gib, which she did once in our presence 
and overturned a load of hay. She had, it was stated, bred three 
colts from three different matings, and these colts had each proved 
kickers. We, however, knew of a celebrated stallion, and resolved 
to try once more to obtain a quiet good-tempered colt. The result, 
however, proved hopeless, for on endeavouring to break-in the 
colt for team work we could do nothing with it, and it was dis¬ 
posed of to little purpose. This case should be considered as a 
warning to breeders, that whatever may be the power and beauty 
of the female, that good temper must always be considered indis¬ 
pensable and a leading point in cross-breeding, but more especially 
with hunters, for hot-tempered animals when used in the chase 
are always uncertain and dangerous to the riders. 
(To be continued.) 
WORK; ON THE HOME FARM. 
Horse Labour .—The season is now so far advanced that the Lent 
corn should now be sown as soon as possible, and in the rotation as 
follows—Barley first, Black Oats or drege next, then White Oats of 
the early varieties upon the best land ; but upon ordinary soils not 
in the highest condition the White Waterloo or the White Tartars 
of the improved sort. Both of these are good croppers, and the straw 
is very valuable for feeding cattle and chaffing for horses. The Peas 
and Beans, or the mixed crops of Beans with small Partridge Peas or 
winter Vetches, have ere this been sown, but summer Tares may still 
be sown for a succession of green fodder at harvest and in the autumn. 
These should have a portion of White Tartar Oats sown with them, 
which holds them off the ground, facilitates cutting, preserves the 
portion near the ground, and at the same time shields them from the 
blight or red rust to which Tares are specially subject, and which 
injures them as food for stock. 
The horses as well as steam power should now be employed in 
preparing the land for Mangolds as soon as the Potatoes are planted, 
and the Carrots afterwards. We prefer planting Potatoes in March, 
sowing Mangold seed in April, and Carrot seed in May ; but under 
any circumstances the two latter should be sown while the ground is 
moist enough for the seed to germinate immediately. We have, how- 
