JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
414 
[ May 18, 1882. 
FRUIT. 
e. 
d. 
P. 
d. 
9. 
d. 
q. 
A 
Apple?. 
$ sieve 
0 
OtoO 
0 
Lemons. 
case IS 
f to20 
0 
Apricots. 
doz. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Melons . 
each 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Cherries. 
ft. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Nectarines. 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Chestnuts. 
bushel 16 
0 
0 
0 
Oranges . 
100 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Currants, Black.. 
4 sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Peaches . 
dozen IS 
0 
20 
0 
„ Bed.... 
i sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pears,kitchen .. 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Figs. 
dozen 
8 
0 
10 
0 
dessert . 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Filberts. 
ft. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pine Apples .... 
ft. 
i 
6 
2 
0 
Cobs. 
mo ft. 
4 .5 
0 
50 
0 
Strawberries .... 
lb. 
o 
0 
6 
0 
Gooseberries .... 
k sieve 
6 
0 
0 
0 
Walnuts . 
bushel 
7 
0 
8 
6 
Grapes . 
it. 
3 
0 
6 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
s. 
d. 
9. 
d. 
fi. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Artichokes. 
dozen 
2 
01.0 4 
0 
Mushrooms . 
punnet 
1 
0 to 1 
t> 
Asparagus. 
bundle 
3 
0 
c 
0 
Mustard* Cress . 
.punnet 
0 
2 
0 
3 
Beans, Kidney.... 
100 
1 
3 
l 
6 
Onions. 
bushel 
3 
6 
0 
0 
Beet, Bed. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
pickling.. 
quart 
0 
0 
0 
5 
Broccoli. 
bundle 
0 
9 
1 
6 
Parsley.doz 
bunches 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Brussels Sprouts.. 
i sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Parsnips. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Cabbage . 
dozen 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Potatoes . 
bushel 
2 
6 
3 
6 
Carrots. 
bunch 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Kidnev . 
bushel 
3 
0 
3 
0 
Capsicums. 
100 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Radishes_ doz .bunches 
1 
0 
0 
6 
dozen 
1 
0 
3 
6 
bundle 
0 
4 
0 
f> 
Celery . 
bundle 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Salsafy. 
bundle 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Coleworts_doz. bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Scorzonera . 
bundle 
1 
S 
0 
O 
Cucumbers. 
each 
0 
4 
0 
6 
basket 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Endive. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Shallots. 
n.. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Fennel. 
bunch 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Spinach . 
bushel 
3 
0 
0 
0 
Girlie . 
ft. 
0 
6 
0 
0 
Tomatoes . 
ft. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Herbs. 
bunch 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Turnips. 
bunch 0 
4 
0 
0 
Leeks. 
bunch 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Vegetable Marrows each 
0 
0 
6 
0 
POULTRY AND PIGEON CHRONICLE. 
MANUAL LABOUR IN FARMING. 
(Continued from page 395.) 
We will now consider the charges and payments for labour in 
harvest. The wages and arrangements, however, vary much in 
different districts, yet in all cases they are extra as compared 
with the ordinary labour bill of the farm at other periods of the 
year. In Scotland, especially in Forfarshire and Aberdeenshire, 
where the bothy system prevails, the harvest work is generally 
included in the year’s contract, and extends to extra allowance 
of food and drink, as well as extra money usually paid at the 
conclusion of the period of hiring. In the eastern and northern 
districts of England in some cases the harvest work is done under 
the gang system, the master of the gang arranging to cut, carry, 
and stack all the corn or latter hay, as well as pulse crops, at so 
much per acre. This work for the future from this time will be 
much simplified, as the cutting and tying of corn will be done by 
machinery ; it, therefore, to a great extent will be carried out by 
the assistance only of the regular workers on the farm, and such 
part of it as can be done by women or boys, like that of setting 
up the corn after the machine, will be done by them in some 
districts. In the southern and south-western counties the ar¬ 
rangements for harvest work where done by the day is paid for 
by double the ordinary money wage of the district, with beer 
or cider, and some cases food, at the afternoon meal, when carry¬ 
ing and ricking the corn takes place ; when such a payment is 
made the men are obliged to work from sunrise until sunset. 
The home farmer, however, will note that in certain districts of 
the country different methods are pursued in making arrange¬ 
ments and contracts for the harvest work, and he will do best to 
follow the local customs to a certain extent which prevail in the 
neighbourhood in which he may be placed. 
There is room for great changes in the contracts with the 
harvest workers in consequence of the changes which have been 
introduced with machinery. For instance, if the cereals are cut 
and tied by the new reapers and harvesters the afterwork of set¬ 
ting up the stacks becomes a trifle, and well suited to the capacity 
of the wdves and children of the labourers ; at the same time 
nearly the whole of the overhand work, such as unloading the 
carts at the time of staking the corn, is now done by the elevator 
worked by a horse or mule, the unloading being only the under¬ 
hand work of casting the sheaves into the elevator. This tying 
of the crops may well apply to either Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rye, 
and Beans ; for when once tied and set up all these crops are as 
safe against adverse weather as they can be treated in our fickle 
climate, at the same time when once the crops are tied they can 
be the more readily and quickly conveyed to the rick or barn. 
In the future the home farmer will have far less risk of damage 
in the stacks to the corn, or pulse, or hay, if he will take advan¬ 
tage of the opportunity now afforded him of using the system of 
exhausting the heat from ricks by the use of the newly invented 
machine for the purpose, and the construction of the stacks upon 
the required method. We must, therefore, look forward to the 
time when the actual harvest labour will be diminished both in 
time and cost, and thereby prevent the great waste of valuable 
time usually so much required in other directions, such as Turnip- 
hoeing. The same remark will apply in Borne degree to the 
labour of men required to attend the steam cultivator, which 
certainly ought to be kept in full and constant work during the 
whole harvest month when the weather is dry and suitable. 
The next point we have to consider is the difference in value of 
a cottage and garden, where these are let to the labourer either 
free or at a rental below actual value. This is very easily settled 
with the workman by a simple or specific contract, but it leads to 
a point of far greater importance ; we allude to the advantage of 
the labourers being accommodated with cottage and garden on 
the estate, and near to the scene of their daily labour, in order 
that the men may be retained for work on the farm by contract 
for the year, and thus prevent the disadvantage of being depen¬ 
dant upon casual and uncertain labour. Some estates have but 
few cottages at command, for we well recollect from 1830 up to 
1810 large numbers of cottages were pulled down in order to 
prevent the increase of a local population, a considerable portion 
of which at that time frequently became chargeable upon the 
poor rates ; in consequence of which cottages should now where 
insufficient in number be erected so as to localise the required 
labour, particularly in the outlying districts. Any new cottages 
which may be built should be placed near the farm premises at 
least for the carters, the shepherd, and herdsman ; but for the 
ordinary labourers the cottages may be situated at various points 
in order that the men may not only be near to their work, but that 
they may be also in some respects overlookers as well as work¬ 
men, and be able sometimes to detect any depredations which 
may otherwise occur unnoticed. Besides, we highly approve of 
taking the labourers into our confidence when by faithful servi¬ 
tude they prove themselves worthy of it. 
There is another point which we consider of some consequence 
both directly and indirectly in encouraging labourers in habits of 
industry and sobriety. We mean the effect of societies which are 
established in various parts of the kingdom, especially in the 
southern and south-eastern counties, for the distributions of re¬ 
wards and prizes to both males and females for long and faithful 
services in the agricultural districts, including rewards for skill 
and industry as teamsmen, shepherds, and herdsmen, and also for 
young men who may be proficient in various departments of farm¬ 
ing operations ; also to female servants of all ages for long and 
faithful servitude. Our long experience in the training and 
management of the agricultural labourer enables us to speak of 
these matters with some degree of confidence as to the result of 
carefully teaching and encouraging the rising generation in their 
pursuits of farm labour. There is an old saying, “ As the twig is 
bent so the tree’s inclined,” and we can look back and see the re¬ 
sult on numbers of boys whom we employed and encouraged in 
habits of industry connected with every kind of agricultural work 
