80 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ July 26, 18fr3. 
primrose of Golden Empress, the golden hue of Mrs. Dixon and Mr. Bunn, 
or the delicate tints of Princess Teck and Princess of Wales ? the rich pinks 
of Hero of Stoke Newington and James Salter, the glowing crimson of The 
Cossack, or the deep claret colour of Refulgens ? though, perhaps, the next 
most varied and beautifully coloured flower is its near ally, the Dahlia. 
The single forms of it are very beautiful indeed, D. imperialis and D. coc- 
cinea especially so; but the Chrysanthemum is with us in its most exalted 
type, forming the last link in the floral chain that begins with the Hepaticas, 
Snowdrops, Crocus, Hyacinths, and Tulips, passes on through Roses, Lilies, 
to Asters and Dahlias, the immediate precursors of the Chrysanthemum. 
There has been some difference of opinion as to the botanical limits of 
Chrysanthemum, Pyrethrum, and Matricaria. Sweet, in his “ Hortus 
Britannicus,” places C. indicum and C. sinense under the genus Pyrethrum ; 
but the only distinction between Pyrethrum and Chrysanthemum is that 
the seed vessels of the latter are more prominently ribbed than those of the 
former ; and Mr. Bentham, being of opinion that the distinction in question 
is not of sufficient importance to constitute a distinct genus, relegates 
Pyrethrum to a section of Chrysanthemum. The genus so constituted 
comprises a large number of species, some annual and others perennial. 
It may be desirable to mention a few of these relatives of our cultivated 
Chinese Chrysanthemums, as they are of more or less interest to all horti¬ 
culturists. No one will deny the beauty of our own herbaceous Ox-eye 
Daisy, C. leucantliemum—the purity of its white petals and its striking 
yellow disc; or the brilliancy of our annual Corn Marigold (C. segetnm). 
Then we have the pretty single and double varieties of C. coronarium from 
Sicily, and C. carinatum from Barbary, which are all favourite garden 
annuals. Under the name of C. roseum are included the many forms of the 
Pyrethrum of gardens, with their finely cut foliage and gay flower heads— 
a native of the Caucasus. There are one or two fine hardy perennials which 
ought to be mentioned in this connection, such as C.- lacustre, very like our 
common Ox-eye Daisy but with thicker and more fleshy leaves, and 
C. uliginosum from Hungary. 
The Paris Daisies or Marguerites, of which the French and many English 
of cultivated tastes are so fond, is a variety of Chrysanthemum frutescens, a 
native of the Canary Islands, which was introduced as far back as 1(191). Of 
several varieties now in cultivation, the best for greenhouse culture are 
Halleri masima, Comte de Chambord, Etoile d’Or, frutescens, and miniatum. 
Etoile d’Or is a beautiful sulphur-yellow colour, and was in cultivation as 
long ago as 1844, and was raised from seed from the ordinary white variety 
by M. Gontant in the south of France. 
We have next the Golden Feather, commonly called Pyrethrum aureum, 
which is really a variety of Chrysanthemum Parthenium, also a native of 
this country. The Golden Feather is a natural golden variety of the fore¬ 
going, and was picked up by a gardener named Ebenezer Seward in his own 
cottage garden whilst gardener to Rev. G. Pindar of Harford, and who sug¬ 
gested that he should dispose of it to Messrs. Henderson, by whom it was 
distributed, and is now to be found in almost every garden throughout the 
kingdom. Though it is the fashion to pick the flowers off, yet their small, 
white circular discs are probably familiar to everyone present, and I wish 
especially to draw attention to them, because it is said the flowers of the 
original wild plants of C. indicum and C. sinense are similar in size and form. 
What a contrast to the gigantic globular flowers of the present cultivated 
forms of Chinese Chrysanthemums ! This brings us to the principal part of 
our subject—viz., to the flower that brightens our greenhouses during the 
dullest months of the year, that is cultivated and admired by all classes. It 
has drawn the public by tens of thousands to the Temple Gardens, and more 
recently, through the wisdom of the authorities, to the public parks of the 
metropolis, amongst which Finsbury Park stands pre-eminent for Chrysan¬ 
themums. Exhibitions have been established within the past fifteen years 
in almost every large town in the kingdom, whereas previous to 18G8 the 
number of places holding Chrysanthemum shows could in all probability 
have been counted on the fingers of one hand. 
The history of the Chinese and Japanese forms has been frequently 
referred to, but it may be mentioned that the present races seem to have 
descended from C. sinense or C. indicum, or from the crosses between these 
species. Chrysanthemum sinense, a native of Japan and China, has glaucous 
leaves and white flowers, while C. indicum has green leaves and yellow 
flowers. Japanese and Chinese horticulturists have exercised their skill, 
perhaps for centuries, on these forms, and their efforts, seconded by the 
Europeans, have made the Chrysanthemum what it now is. 
The introduction of the Chinese varieties into European gardens is attri¬ 
buted to M. Blanchard of Marseilles, who in 1789 introduced three varieties, 
white, purple, and violet, into France, though before that time—viz., in 1764, 
a plant of the small yellow-flowered variety, C. indicum, was in cultivation 
in the physic garden at Chelsea. Of all the varieties nearest to the original 
type is the small-flowered variety known as the “ Chusan Daisy,” introduced 
from China by Mr. Fortune in 184G, a variety which, from its small size, met 
with little favour here, but which was more highly thought of in France, 
where it became the origin of all the Pompon varieties now in cultivation. 
Mr. Fortune was also instrumental in introducing the fantastic yet beautiful 
Japanese forms at a more recent date, several plants of which fell into the 
hands of the late Mr. Salter of Hammersmith, who, perhaps, did more than 
any other man in this country to improve upon the first varieties introduced. 
The late Mr. John Gould Yeitch sent home some plants of the Japanese 
section in 1861, and these, as compared with the best Japanese of the present 
day, show a marked difference in favour of the latter. 
Though we are greatly indebted to hybridisers in general and the late 
Mr. Salter in particular for many of our most beautiful winter-flowering 
Chrysanthemums, yet some of our very best kinds are sports from slightly 
inferior—if I may use the term—kinds, though of the same blood and 
character, some of the best being Golden Empress, Golden Queen of England, 
Mr. Bunn, George Glenny, Mrs. Dixon, Jardin des Plantes. Yenus, Lord 
Wolseley, Golden Beverley, Angelina, Emily Dale, and Mr. Coibay, and the 
Japanese section produce varieties in the same way quite as freely. 
It would not be safe to say how many varieties there are in cultivation 
at the present time, but in 1808 there were ten varieties, which increased to 
over forty in 1827, the numbers increasing so rapidly afterwards that in I860 
there were no less than 750 varieties of all kinds growing in a single garden. 
The Rev. G. Henslow in his lecture on the Chrysanthemum at South Kens¬ 
ington, Nov. 16th, 1880, says :—“With regard to the origin of the variations 
(that is from the single forms), they are due to changes undergone by the 
disc or centre florets, naturally tubular with a regular border, for the wild 
original forms were not larger than a sixpence, and with ‘ ray ’ and ‘ disc.’ 
When a disc floret becomes like a ‘ray’ floret it not only enlarges but sup¬ 
presses two petals, and splits all the way down, so that the ‘ligulate’ or 
strap-shaped florets have only three petals. When they are rather broad 
they give rise to the incurved and reflexed forms, according as they show 
the under or upper side of the florets. When they are narrow the flower 
resembles the Japanese original form with slender tapering petals. On the 
other hand, if the tube elongates without much splitting we get the tasselled, 
quilled, and dragon forms. In the first the tube splits only for a short 
distance into a broad fiat piece at the end, in the second the border is reduced, 
but in the third it is enormously enlarged, with the teeth increased in number. 
This last resembles the ray florets of the Cornflower, which is much enlarged 
under cultivation, and has its teeth increased in number also.” 
Classification of the Chinese and Japanese Forms .—In arranging the large- 
flowered Chinese varieties it is difficult to decide what to admit and what to 
exclude ; but generally they are classed as incurved, reflexed, Anemone- 
flowered, Pompon, and Anemone-flowered Pompons. 
Section 1 consists of those having their florets incurved and their tips 
meeting in, or pointing towards, the centre, the flowers varying from hemi¬ 
spheres to complete spheres; Mrs. Rundle, Princess of Wales, Yenus, 
Beverley, Empress of India, Lady Harding, and Prince Alfred being types 
of this section. 
Section 2 comprises those having flowers which reflex, and although 
seldom seen on the exhibition table (not being admissible in incurved 
stands), they are some of the most profuse-flowering and brightest-coloured 
of the whole genus. Amongst others are Julie Lagravere, Crimson Yelvet, 
Dr. Sharp, Chevalier Domage, and Progne, all being excellent varieties for 
conservatory decoration. 
Section 3.—The Japanese.—As a rule these are very readily distinguished 
from any other kind ; but of late, varieties have been introduced which, to 
say the least, are doubtful. This section may be divided into sub-sections, 
as many have distinctive characters—for instance, Elaine has decidedly 
reflexed and flat petals, Peter the Great and Bismarck incurved, the former 
having long and narrow petals, the latter short and broad ; James Salter 
and Fair Maid of Guernsey curl and twist, and eventually resemble balls of 
paper shavings ; Bouquet Fait, The Cossack, and Meg Merrilees have petals 
long and slightly twisted. 
In section 4 I place the Anemone-flowered varieties. These are very 
beautiful flowers, possessing brighter colours than any other section—simple 
in outline, having only an outer fringe of broad flat florets and a centre of 
closely arranged quilled florets approaching to nearly a hemisphere in form. 
This section is well represented by Fleur de Marie, King of Anemones 
Gluck, and Princess Louise. 
The Pompon is placed in section 5, and needs no description ; but the 
true Pompon is small and something like a double Daisy; Snowdrop, Bob, 
Drin-Drin, and Pablo being good examples. 
Section G is composed of the Anemone-flowered Pompons. Mr. James 
Douglas says, “ This is probably a break from the true Pompon, and the 
flowers are very distinct as a class. They differ from the corresponding 
large-flowered section in having in most instances a double or treble fringe 
of outer florets. The centre florets should form a half sphere, as in the 
other section. A good example of an Anemone Pompon is to be found in 
Antonius. Cedo Nulli and its varieties are hybrids. At one time all the 
foregoing sections used to be represented at exhibitions, classes being pro¬ 
vided for them in the schedules. Some of the Societies, such as the Borough 
of Hackney, do so now, and it is very desirable that all the classes should 
be maintained in their integrity. Each has its admirers, and it is a pity to 
allow of their standing still for want of someone to improve each class or 
section by raising seedlings. 
The seventh section is the summer-and-autumn-flowering one, but which 
really belongs to the class for Pompons. They are very precocious, profuse, 
and persistent in their blooming habits, flowering all through the late 
summer and autumn months : are very useful for massing in beds or for 
furnishing boxes for windows and balconies. Precocite, Chromatella, 
Frederick Pelb, Cassy, Golden Button, and Scarlet Gem are a few of the 
best. 
(To bo continued.) 
HARDY PLANTS AT TEDMORE. 
Thu charming garden belonging to the Rev. F. M. Bulkley Owen of 
Tedmore, is within easy distance of Rednal station on the Great Western 
main line via Shrewsbury from London. Most delightfully situated is 
Tedmore, and particularly so Mr. Owen’s residence. Looking from the 
building towards the south and south-west are the towering Welsh moun¬ 
tains clad with a most peculiar light in some parts, and on all sides as 
far as the eye can scan is the most pleasing scenery. There is a most 
natural taste in the garden arrangement; nearly everything of a formal 
nature is deprecated, and, with the exception of a few beds in the front of 
the house, such arrangement is entirely absent. Great encouragement 
is given to herbaceous plants ; in fact perhaps more attention is given to 
them than anything else, unless it be hardy shrubs, of which there is a 
very rich and large collection, many of which have occupied their happy 
situations, while novelties and rarer subjects are being constantly added. 
It will be utterly impossible for us to notice even a tithe of what is good 
in this garden. 
Starting with the herbaceous and alpine plants, the first thing to strike 
one is the absence of any rule in the form, size, and arrangement of the 
beds and borders, these varying materially in every respect, and the whole 
are happily associated with shrubs, which at times greatly enliven the 
surrounding with the charming if not always attractive flowers. Natural 
effect, with a good distribution of colour to secure that end, seems to be 
the chief desideratum at Tedmore, and most happily is the idea carried 
out. Thus everywhere are masses of Delphiniums, some of which are 
7 or 8 feet or even more in height; Spineas, Mule Pinks, Lilies, Fox- 
