August 9, 1883. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
129 
flesh No. 1 resembles Royal Ascot, the berries being large, and No. 2 is 
probably Black Morocco, also a fine berry. 
Names of Plants (F. B .).—Senecio Jacobrea. {Reader). —1, Yeratrum 
viride ; 3, Gentiana asclepiadea ; 5, Sedum spurimn ; 6, Centaurea Cyanus. 
All the specimens were greatly crushed, the box being quite flattened; 
2 and 4 were quite unrecognisable. ( S. L.). —The white flower resembles 
Hydrangea arborescens, the other is Eucharidium grandiflorum. {Bromesden). 
—Tamus communis. See reply above. ( G. M.). —Pyrus torminalis. ( Sub - 
scriber). —Godetia Whitneyi. (W. C., Horncastle ).—Malva moschata alba, a 
perennial plant. 
Driving Bees ( R. Stoke ).—In a case of this kind we can only say drive 
the weaker into the stronger hives, leaving, however, the strongest of all 
untouched. You will then have three instead of five hives. You can after 
a time, if you choose, reduce them to two by again uniting the two weaker. 
The work of driving is simple and easily done. Eirst blow some smoke 
from fustian or calico rags amongst the bees, turn up the hives and place 
them on their crowns upside down, put empty hives over them, roll a table 
cover or piece of cloth of any kind round the junction of the hives, and 
drive the bees up by drumming on the bottom ones for fifteen or twenty 
minutes. This drumming shakes and disturbs the bees below, and causes 
them to run up for safety. Give the bees 2 lbs. of sugar made into syrup 
every night for twelve days, and you will have healthy stocks. It is well 
before uniting to sprinkle the bees in both hives with a syrup to which a 
little peppermint has been added, and little or no fighting will then occur. 
Is there not a practical bee-keeper in your neighbourhood who would help 
you in the work and advise you generally on the management of your bees ? 
[Replies to a number of letters are unavoidably postponed until nex^ 
week.] 
CO VENT GARDEN MARKET.— August Sth. 
TRADE quiet during the holiday, with heavy supplies. Prices still downward. 
FPUIT. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d 
Apples .. .. 
1 
0 
to 2 
6 
Grapes. 
.. ft. 
1 
0 
to 3 
0 
per barrel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Lemons. 
10 
0 
20 
0 
Apricots 
box 
2 
0 
2 
6 
Melons. 
o 
0 
3 
6 
Cherries.. 
4 
0 
10 
0 
Nectarines .. 
dozen 
2 
0 
6 
0 
Chestnuts .. 
.. bushel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Oranges. 
.. 100 
6 
0 
10 
0 
Currants, Black 
.. g sieve 
2 
0 
8 
0 
Peaches. 
dozen 
2 
0 
6 
0 
„ Red 
.. | sieve 
3 
0 
3 
6 
Pears, kitchen .. 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Figs .. .. 
2 
0 
0 
0 
„ dessert 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Filberts .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pine Apples, English .. ft. 
2 
0 
3 
6 
Cobs .. .. 
.. 100 It). 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Raspberries .. 
.. ft. 
0 
2 
0 
3 
Gooseberries .. 
.. £ sieve 
2 
6 
3 
0 
Strawberries.. 
.. ft. 
0 
3 
0 
6 
VEGETABLES. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
Artichokes 
.. dozen 
2 
0 
to 4 
0 
Mushrooms .. 
punnet 
i 
0 
to 1 
6 
Asparagus, English bundle 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Mustard and Cress 
punnet 
0 
2 
0 
3 
Asparagus, French bundle 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Onions . 
buuch 
0 
0 
0 
4 
Beans, Kidney 
ft 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Parsley .. dozen bunches 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Beet, Red 
.. dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Parsnips. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Broccoli .. .. 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Peas. 
quart 
0 
9 
0 
0 
Cabbage .. 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Potatoes. 
cwt. 
4 
0 
5 
0 
Capsicums 
100 
1 
6 
2 
0 
„ Kidney . 
cwt. 
4 
0 
5 
0 
Carrots .. 
.. bunch 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Radishes .. dozen bunches 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Cauliflowers .. 
.. dozen 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Rhubarb. 
bundle 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Celery .. .. 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Salsafy .. .. 
bundle 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Coleworts doz. bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Scorzonera 
bundle 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Cucumbers 
. . each 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Seakale. 
basket 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Endive .. .. 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Shallots. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Fennel .. .. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Spinach. 
bushel 
2 
6 
3 
0 
Herbs .. .. 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Tomatoes .. .. 
.. ft. 
0 
6 
0 
0 
Leeks .. .. 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Turnips . 
bunch 
0 
0 
0 
4 
Lettuce .. 
1 
0 
1 
e 
HORSE LABOUR IN FARMING. 
( Continved from Rage 10S .) 
The most important part of our subject is feeding in different 
seasons. This can only be properly accomplished by combining 
effect with ecouomy, so that when dividing the year into four 
parts of thirteen weeks each, and making use of the food pro¬ 
duced on the farm, and available at certain periods, in order 
that a full amount of nutritious substances may be consumed at 
each period and of the least value for sale, so that the most 
benefit may be derived by the animals in consuming a given 
quantity of articles of the least value commercially to insure the 
greatest economy. We find most valuable information cn the 
cost per week for keeping farm horses, as stated by Mr. J. C. 
Morton in his essay on the cost of horse power, in the Journal 
of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, wherein it is 
stated, “There are no fewer than 115 cases named in Table 1 
(p. 442). If any of the methods of feeding here described should 
seem whimsical—any of their differences merely fanciful—the 
excuse which must be taken for their appealance is that not one 
of them is imaginary, not one of them is a mere scheme or pro¬ 
posal, everyone of them is actually adopted and in use on farms, 
many of them in whole districts, in this country. The differ¬ 
ences of cost in the weekly food, according to the modes of 
feeding specified in Table 1, are very considerable, more than 
100 per cent, in the cost of summer feeding, which averages 8s. 
per week, and varies from 5s. to 11s.; 70 or 80 per cent, in the 
cases given cf autumn feeding, which costs on the average about 
9s. Gd., and varies from 7s. 6 d. to 12s.; more than 100 per cent, 
in the cost of winter feeding, which averages about Gs. Ad., vary¬ 
ing from 4s. 9 d. to 12s.; and 30 per cent, in the cost of spring 
feeding, which averages nearly 10s. a week, varying from 7s. Gd. 
to 12s. The annual cost in some of the cases named is, however, 
brought out more accurately in another table, w'here the average 
annual cost of thirty-five selected instances comes out as equal 
to £21 15s., being 8s. Ad. weekly throughout the year.” 
As we cannot here find space in a tabulated form for the 
information given we have made the above quotation from the 
best essay ever written on the subject, and valuable it must be 
by reason of the wide-spread sources from which the information 
is obtained. It is, however, dated December, 1858. We there¬ 
fore must endeavour to ascertain the cost of feeding most in use 
at the present period. JSome differences of opinion will doubtless 
be found, yet they may be justified iu some cases by surround¬ 
ing and peculiar circumstances. In giving our opinion and 
practice we will divide the year into four periods of thirteen 
weeks each. The first thirteen weeks, commencing on the 1st of 
May. each horse may be fed as follows:—1 ^ bushel of Oats, 
4s. {jd. ; green fodder, 3jr rods, 2s. lie?. ; total, 7s. 5d. The second 
thirteen weeks, c mmencing in August, 1 bushel of Oats, 3s. ; 
green fodder 4 rods, 3s. Ad. ; total, 6s. Ad. The third period com¬ 
mencing in November, 2 bushels of Oats, 6s.; 1 peck of Beans 
Is. 3d. ; 1 cwt, of hay, 3s. Gd. ; 70 lbs. of Carrots, 7d. ; total, 
11s. Ad. The fourth period, commencing in February, 2 bushels 
of Oats, 6s.; 1 peck of Beans, Is. 3c?.; straw, 2s.; 70 lbs. of Man¬ 
gold, Gd .; total, 9s. 9 d. Thus the average cost of keeping farm 
horses per week per annum will, we reckon, amount to 8s. 8^c?. 
per week by estimating the green and root food at consuming 
value. As the practice of feeding horses differs so much m 
different districts of this country some remarks will be neces¬ 
sary. As our first period of feedng begins on the 1st of May 
and green fodder is used, Trifolium may not be ready in some 
districts, but Rye and Italian Rye Grass will be, except in the 
northern districts, and where it is not obtainable the Mangold 
feeding may be continued until green fodder is available. Again, 
at the conclusion of the second thirteen weeks green fodder may 
not always be available up to November, but if Rye and Yetches 
or Italian Rye Grass are not to be obtained up to that date the 
feeding may be regulated by commencing feeding w r ith Carrots 
or o her roots when the green crops cease to be available. We 
set great value upon the root-feeding in the autumn and winter 
months; in fact, to fill up the vacant period after green fodder 
goes out until it comes in for use again. Maintaining the supply 
of green or vegetable food throughout the year is a matter of 
the utmost consequence in the feeding of hoi’ses, for in the 
autumn and winter months, if allowed dry food only, the animals 
are sure to show a long, thick, and rough coat, this being one of 
Nature’s resources to counteract the effect of injudicious feed¬ 
ing, and when horses are worked with such an external covering 
they sweat readily and profusely in consequence, and are faint 
and weak after very moderate exertion. 
In referring again to the large number of cases in feeding 
of horses, as shown by the numerous correspondents and the 
results of farmers’ club meetings, being the authority on which 
the calculations are made and the weight consumed per week 
of hay, Oats, Beans, roots, Clover, and straw by horses, and 
the calculated cost of so maintaining them. The cost is cal¬ 
culated at the rate of 3s. a cwt. for hay, 3s. a bushel for Oats, 
4<7. a cwt. for Turnips or Mangold, Gd. a cwt. for Carrots and 
Clover, and with or without charge for straw. It is, however, 
not attempted to justify the prices here adopted, but they will 
suffice to illustrate the mode of calculation adopted, and no 
figures could be substituted for them to which exception might 
not be taken. The prices adopted in calculating the cost of food 
are, it will be found, the ordinary market prices of the grain 
consumed; and in the cases of the hay, roots, and green fodc.er, 
the value which it is estimated they might produce if given to 
other kinds of Uve stock on the farm. It is, however, rather 
remarkable, as we find in one case the horse keep is only charged 
at 5s. per week, and that its food consisted of Oats just as they 
were harvested and passed through the chaff cutter, straw a'id 
corn just as they grew in the field. We fail, however, to see 
how this calculation can be justified, because the yield of grain 
cannot always be found in proportion to the bulk of the straw. 
