272 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ September 27, 1863. 
progeny resulting therefrom, but that the size, appearance, and other 
qualities of the fruit produced during the season of impregnation must 
and will, in a greater or less degree, exhibit some of the qualities of the 
staminate parent, as well as those of the one bearing the fruit. For 
example, the fruit of a Strawberry of a pistillate variety growing near 
a given staminate one—by the aid of which the greater portion of the 
crop is produced and perfected—will show a marked difference in size, 
appearance, and quality from that of the same variety of plant growing 
near and impregnated by another staminate variety. A little reflection 
upon one or two of the primary and well-known laws governing the 
matter of reproduction by seed will convince any unprejudiced mind, 
not only of the possibility of such collateral effects of impregnation, but 
of their extreme probability. These laws are—first, that the fertilisation 
of the seed is a necessary condition to the formation of the fruit; 
secondly, that the seed, after impregnation, excites and stimulates by 
the power of the reproductive principle of life imparted to it by that 
impregnation the development and growth of a matrix of fruit to suit 
its own requirements. In view of these indisputable facts is the con¬ 
clusion not irresistible that, taking for example a bed of a strongly 
pistillate variety of Strawberry—that portion of the bed lying near to 
and consequently largely influenced by impregnation from a staminate 
variety bearing large, fine, highly coloured or high-flavoured berries, will 
bear fruit partaking to a marked degree more of those qualities than 
another portion of the same field coming under a like influence from 
staminate plants bearing smaller meaner fruit ?” 
- The “ Botanical Magazine ” for the present month contains 
figures of the following plants—Crinum Hildebrandtii, a species related 
to C. americanum and C. erubescens, from the mountains of Johanna 
Island, where it was discovered in 1875 by Dr. Hildebrandt. Bulbs 
were sent to England in 1878. The flowers are in loose heads, the 
petals very narrow, white, the filaments purple. The leaves are l£ foot 
to 2 feet long. Tulipa Kolpakowskyana is represented in a faithful 
figure. This is a fine species, with dark scarlet elliptical spreading 
petals and’purple anthers. It is a native of Turkestan, and was intro¬ 
duced to St. Petersburg by Dr. Albert Begel in 1877. Leucoium 
hyemale, is “one of the rarest of European plants. It is confined to 
a small strip of rocky shore reaching from Nice to two miles east 
of Mentone.” The flowers are small, neat in form, and pure white 
Primula floribunda, a distinct species from the western Himalayas, 
with small yellow flowers produced in terminal umbels and from the 
axils of smaller bract-like leaves. Senecio concolor, a South African 
species, related to S. speciosus, and was discovered by Drege at Tulbaghe 
about fifty years ago. The flower-heads are purplish-rose, and are borne 
in loose corymbs. 
A NEW GARDEN. 
THE KITCHEN GARDEN. 
Passing in review numerous gardens which have come under 
the writer’s notice in different parts of the country, the favourite 
position, and undoubtedly the best, is moderately elevated and 
gently sloping to the south. Occasionally gardens in a valley 
are met with, and also high up upon a wind-swept plateau, but 
it is only dire necessity—that place or none—that should ever 
sanction the selection of either place for such a purpose. In the 
valley early and late frosts often do much harm, the mean tem¬ 
perature of winter is lower and the frosts more severe by several 
degrees than on higher ground; winds, too, are a source of 
mischief, which may, however, be turned aside by judicious 
planting. All that can be said in favour of a valley garden 
is that there we find a deep, cool, and frequently, but not 
always, rich soil, and plenty of water. It cannot be denied 
that excellent fruit and vegetables are produced abundantly 
in such gardens ; but summer vegetables, such as Vegetable 
Marrows, Peas, Scarlet Runner and Kidney Beans, are usually 
destroyed, in autumn by early frosts much sooner than in 
gardens in more elevated positions. It is not uncommon for 
the entire crop of Broccoli and Greens to perish from cold in 
winter, and in spring frost again assails the blossom of fruit 
trees and frequently destroys it. In some respects an elevated 
bleak position is worse than a valley. A poor thin soil, 
scarcity of water, and exposure to winds are the principal evils, 
all which it must be admitted are to be overcome—quickly, as 
regards the water supply; slowly, but nevertheless surely, in 
soil-improvement, and in imparting shelter by planting. Soil- 
treatment and shelter will both be discussed fully in subsequent 
papers, but due provision for an abundant supply of water is so 
clearly a preliminary matter in the making of a new garden that 
another useful method of obtaining it must be explained here. 
Montgolfier’s clever invention, the hydraulic ram, since, its 
introduction has been modified in various ways, but its principle 
of self-action, or rather of action by means of the water and air- 
passing through it, was wrested from Nature by Montgolfier, and 
remains unaltered. By means of it a steady flow of water may 
be sent from the base of a hill to its summit, from a valley to 
any part of its slopes. Once in position and fairly at work, it 
embodies the nearest and certainly most useful approach to 
perpetual motion that I know, for so long as enough water Hows 
into it, on it goes day and night, requiring no attention, sustain¬ 
ing so little damage from wear and tear, that after the first, 
outlay the cost of new valves is very trifling. It is so simple.in 
construction, so efficient in action, and so comparatively in¬ 
expensive, that its speedy universal adoption would appear , to 
be a certainty. Such, however, is not the case. I have met with 
many rams, large and small, by different makers in various. 
A. —Supply pipe to ram, 2 inches in diameter. 
B. —Exit of waste water. 
c, D. —Valves. 
E. —Air vessel. 
E.—Supply pipe from ram to garden, 1 inch in diameter. 
parts of the country, all working well, but it is still by no 
means uncommon to see manual labour and horse power 
employed where every facility exists for the use of a ram. 
Several instances of such wasted power occur to me which 
might, if necessary, be enumerated. Ignorance of its simplicity,, 
durability and cost, and how and where it is possible to use it, 
must be the reason why it is not turned to account everywhere; 
and knowing from experience how much ways and means are 
discussed when a new garden is made, I have called attention 
here to one of our best means of obtaining an abundant supply 
of water economically, and will now proceed to explain sufficiently 
for general guidance its use and cost. 
For an hydraulic ram with a 2-inch supply pipe to work 
reliably and well, the source of water should be 100 feet from 
it and 10 feet above it. Fed by twelve gallons of water per 
minute, the most ample allowance for waste leaves us 1300 
gallons forced vertically to a height of 200 feet, and any 
n 
U ~1P--—N 
if 
B 
Fig. 53. 
This is a section of the snifle valve made to screw into the 
ram aid- , fig. 52. 
A is the outlet, only large enough to admit a pin. 
B. —Inner opening into ram. 
C. —Valve. 
distance horizontally. In a price list recently sent me by a 
respectable firm of hydraulic engineers, a machine of this- 
capacity is offered for £6 10s., smaller and larger machines 
being also offered at proportionate prices. This will afford 
sufficient data whereon to base calculations; but lest anyone 
with a small garden should suppose that much less water than 
the quantity given is not available for our purpose, I may add 
