298 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ October 4,133 
of the past. Nurserymen and gardeners would alike willingly contribute 
to a fund for defraying the expenses attending an annual inspection of 
Vine nurseries. This would not be very great, for if necessary district 
inspectors might be appointed. 
Meantime, I would counsel those who may be contemplating the 
erection and planting of new vineries to plant in April or May, using 
Vines struck that spring, and which, previous to being planted, should 
be inspected by some gardener having experience of the phylloxera. In 
conclusion, I may be allowed to suggest what, in the first place at any 
rate, I consider the right plan for any gardener who may happen to have 
planted a new vinery with Vines obtained from the trade and infected 
with phylloxera to communicate with the vendors, and get an assurance 
from them that they will, at any cost, stamp it out, and that would be 
all that could and should be required of them.—H. W. Ward. 
THE HERBACEOUS BORDER IN THE AUTUMN. 
Your able correspondents, Messrs. G. Abbey, T. Entwistle, and others 
have been giving very interesting and seasonable articles on some of the 
best varieties of hardy plants in cultivation, but I will just briefly notice 
some of those which are most conspicuous in the borders here. For 
brilliant effect few, if any, equal Gaillardia grandiflora, the flowers of 
which are nearly 3 inches in diameter, and of a bright orange-yellow 
colour with dark crimson centre. They are produced in great abundance. 
Scabiosa caucasica is a lovely gem of more than ordinary merit; the 
flowers are large, fully 3 inches in diameter, and of a delicate shade of 
lilac-blue. Itudbeckia Newmannii, a very showy plant ; flowers bright 
golden yellow with a dark centre. Coreopsis lanceolata is one of the 
very best hardy perennials, and is a most profuse bloomer, the flower 
heads being bright golden yellow. Achillea Ptarmica fl.-pl. and A. ser- 
rata fl.-pl. should have a place in every collection, supplying as they do 
for nearly two months an almost unlimited quantity of pure white 
flowers. Too much cannot be said in praise of the useful Matricaria 
inodora fl.-pl., which is now a mass of lovely white flowers. I find the 
best way to grow this plant is to insert cuttings every autumn, which 
make large plants about 2 feet through by the autumn of the following 
year. Chrysanthemum maximum is a stately bush fully 2 feet in height, 
producing an abundance of large white Marguerite-like flowers. Pyreth- 
rum uliginosum is a grand back-row plant; flowers large, pure white ; 
very useful. Bupthalmium salicifolium, a very free-flowering plant, pro¬ 
ducing an abundance of orange-yellow flowers. Anemone japonica and 
A. japonica alba should be grown in quantity. The singular flowers of 
Echinops Ritro are very interesting, presenting when in full bloom a 
perfect ball of lilac blue. A beautiful perennial is Francoa ramosa, but 
it is scarcely hardy in this locality, requiring protection throughout the 
winter, which it well deserves. Its long graceful spikes of pure white 
flowers are produced in great abundance for nearly two months ; it is 
one of the most beautiful autumnal flowers in cultivation. Lythrum 
Salicaria roseum is resplendent just now with long spikes of lovely rose- 
coloured flowers. 
Perennial Phloxes, Pentstemons, border Carnations, and others are 
making a grand display just now, while many of the spring and early 
summer-flowering plants, as if desirous to add a parting tribute to the 
waning year, are again flowering very freely. Some of the most prolific 
are Ranunculus acre fl.-pl., Delphiniums of sorts, Campanula turbinata 
on the rockwork flowering very freely, and Polyanthuses. Some plants of 
Spiraea japonica that were forced in the spring and afterwards planted 
out have on an average six spikes on each, and are very useful. Every 
attention should be paid to have the borders clean, and all plants that 
require it should be tied up to stout stakes, as the heavy winds and rains 
of autumn play sad havoc among the plants if they be neglected.— 
Wm. Marshall. 
LIFTING AND TRANSPLANTING FRUIT TREES. 
The time for carrying out this operation having arrived, a 
few remarks respecting the best method of procedure may be 
acceptable. The success of a fruit tree depends in a great 
measure upon its having had a good start. The first step to 
be taken in forming a handsome and fruitful tree without 
making a new and expensive border, is to determine the distance 
the trees shall be planted from each other against the wall. For 
Peaches, Apricots, Plums, and Cherries this should be about 
15 feet, and for Pears 20 feet. Then having marked 3^ feet on 
each side the position chalked on the wall for the trees, and 
5 feet therefrom and in a regular curve from point to point, 
excavate the soil (assuming it to be unsuitable to the growth 
of the trees) to the depth of 3 feet, and for drainage provide a 
layer 9 inches thick of brickbats, clinkers, or stones, filling in 
the chinks with a barrowful of gravel, and over that place a 
layer of turf. The soil, consisting of three parts good loam and 
one of old lime rubble and horse droppings mixed well together, 
should then be placed in the holes in readiness for the trees. 
This done, and assuming that wherever space between the per¬ 
manent trees on the walls admitted of a few young trees from 
the nursery being planted annually to develope for a year or 
two —viz., until the extending branches of the permanent trees 
render their removal necessary, we shal at once proceed with 
lifting and transplanting. 
The trees should be taken up about the end of September or 
the beginning of October, to allow time for fresh roots to pene¬ 
trate the new soil during the interval of planting and the trees 
shedding their leaves. They should be lifted with as much soil 
adhering to the roots as possible, so that the tree may experience 
little check. A trench should be opened around the tree about 
3 feet from the stem, keeping a more or less distance from the 
latter, according to the size of the tree to be lifted, and deep 
enough to admit of the soil being worked away from underneath 
the tree with a five-tine fork without injury to the roots. When 
the ball of earth has been reduced sufficiently to allow of two or 
three men lifting the tree, place it on a mat, securing it round 
the ball of earth, and with a hand-barrow caiuy it to the station 
made ready for its reception. 
In planting, sufficient soil should be used to allow of the tree 
being in its proper position as regards height from the surface 
after the soil had subsided 6 or 9 inches. The soil.should be 
worked with the hand among the roots, the latter being spread 
out in a horizontal and slightly downward direction, and should 
have the points of any damaged or over-luxuriant shoots cut 
away. When the tree has been half planted, take hold of the 
stem with both hands, and give it a few gentle shakes in an 
upward direction to make sure of there not being any space left 
between the roots and the soil, then complete the planting, 
treading the soil, which should be moderately dry, well together. 
Secure the principal shoots loosely to the wall with nails and 
shreds to prevent their swaying, and then lay on 3 inches thick 
of short dung as a surface mulching. Trees thus planted, pro¬ 
viding the after treatment and other circumstances be congenial 
to their requirements, cannot fail to give a good account of 
themselves in due time.—H. W. Ward. 
A VEGETABLE KINGDOM EXHIBITION. 
Permit me to adopt my own heading in referring to what is termed 
“ the Proposed International Exhibition of Vegetable Products.” That is 
not sufficiently concise for me, as it will not be for the public, however 
properly it may express the nature of the wonderful gathering that has 
been proposed to be held at South Kensington in 1885. Such an 
exhibition, fully representative of the industries that arise from the 
cultivation of plants in all parts of the world, would completely eclipse 
in magnitude and variety the present extraordinary display pertaining 
to matters in connection with the sea. 
No doubt the “horticultural resources of the country are sufficient 
to fill all the space occupied by the present Fisheries Exhibition.” But 
a very important question arises—namely, Would the whole, or half, 
or even a tenth part, he represented there? It is generally conceded 
that the great display of 1866 was the largest that has ever been seen, 
and many persons competent to judge are of opinion that a finer would 
not he produced now whatever inducements were offered. Yet the 
exhibits referred to would not occupy one-fourth the space that is now 
provided by the substantial erections in the Horticultural Gardens. 
And then that Show was only for a limited time, and it is a practical 
impossibility that by no amount of removing and “ replacing ” could its 
high character be maintained throughout the season. If Mr. Wills were 
master of all the gardens in the land there is no doubt the buildings would 
he filled to overflowing; hut we must recognise the fact that owners of 
gardens are in the habit of refusing to empty them for the purpose of 
making a great public display. Very fine exhibitions of plants and 
flowers can no doubt be held periodically; hut as to maintaining an 
unbroken exhibition of the magnitude contemplated, it is a question if it 
can he done satisfactorily. 
To commence with, let us consider the resources for producing a spring 
show. The measure of such a show may he taken from what has been 
done in the past. Even if the spring shows of the Royal Horticultural 
and the Royal Botanic Societies could he joined together they would not 
occupy half the space of the entrance gallery alone. But these shows 
cannot he joined, for the simple reason that the bulk of the exhibits at 
one are removed and occupy by far the greater portion of the space at 
the other. But then it may he said the Dutch cultivators would bring 
Hyacinths, Tulips, and all kinds of bulbous plants which they grow so 
largely. They might bring some, hut judging from their exhibits at the 
great shows which have been held in Belgium, they would not add 
materially to the magnitude of the Exhibition, however interesting their 
contributions might be. If they could bring their bulb farms there would 
be something to rely on ; but the fact must be admitted that their exhibits 
of plants in pots would not half equal in magnitude, while they would he 
inferior in quality, to the best of our home productions. A great show 
could be provided unquestionably, and with permanent vegetable products 
and cultural and manufacturing appliances by this and other countries, 
there would be sufficient to attract the million. But to rely only on 
plants at one time, then “remove them and fill the space with implements 
and sundries ” at another, would not meet the expectations of the public, 
and hence would end in disappointment. 
To ensure success there must he a great permanent exhibition of vege- 
