October 25 1883. J 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
production of blossom. Pruning such trees and leaving the roots un¬ 
touched would make matters worse, as still stronger and more fruitless 
growths would follow. It is only when trees of this nature are much 
crowded that pruning is beneficial, and then it must be limited to removing 
some of the branches entirely, not shortening the whole of them, so that 
sun and air can have access to the foliage of the trees. But the chief 
remedy for rendering luxuriant trees fruitful is root-pruning. As soon as 
possible take out a trench half round the older and stronger growers at a 
distance of about 4 feet from the stem, and cut off every root, also all 
those penetrating downwards, undermining for that purpose 2 feet below 
the surface, quite to the centre, or immediately under the stem of the tree. 
In severing the roots do not leave any bruised or jagged ends, but cut each 
smoothly with a sharp knife. A tree thus operated on will then be exactly 
half dug up. Fill in the soil again, and if calcareous matter could be added 
so much the better, making it quite firm. This will check the growth of 
the tree materially and promote the formation of fruit spurs; yet if the 
growth next year is still too strong, shorten the roots on the other side of 
the tree similarly, and shorter, firmer, and more fruitful growths will follow. 
If they do not you may conclude the root-pruning has not been severe 
enough, and that possibly some strong roots striking straight down into the 
subsoil have been left uncut. There is no work on the Apple such as you 
appear to require, and information to meet each case can only be had through 
the press that is devoted to such matters. Our “ Fruit Gardening for the 
Many ” (4 \d. post free) contains concise and sound information on the culture 
of hardy fruits, and may afford hints that may be of service to you. It 
must be remembered, however, that varieties recommended for this country 
are not necessarily the best for Canada. We do not know of a better work 
on Vines in the open air than De Breuil’s “ Vineyard Culture,” as improved 
by John A. Warder, and published by Clarke & Co., Cincinnati. There is no 
work on the subject published in this country. 
Arrangement of Pipes and Valves (T. A. 0. F.). —You must have 
valves at the points marked F and G in the plan you have sent, then to 
all your other questions our answer is in the affirmative. You cannot, 
however, confine the heat to any one of the three houses at pleasure, 
for as you are, no doubt, quite aware, yon cannot have heat in B without 
having it in a also, nor in C without having it in both a and B. The 
proposed arrangement with valves on the return as well as on the flow 
pipes will answer well, provided you do not want to force the Vines for 
very early Grapes. Your main point of perplexity is the valves at 
F and G. Suppose, for instance, the valve at D is closed and you have 
no valves on the return pipes, the cold water from the houses B and c 
would then by its greater density flow into A, the very thing that it is 
desirable to avoid. You must not only have a boiler guaranteed to heat 
the requisite length of piping, but to heat the water easily, and you will act 
wisely by not having the connecting pipes between the boiler and range 
of houses too small. We should prefer them as large again as shown in 
the plan, and the flow pipe should enter the boiler as near the top as 
possible. The cistern should be level with the highest point of the pipes 
in the vinery, where also an air pipe should be provided. 
Selection of Fruit Trees (IF. A”., Langport ).—Each of your walls, 50 yards 
long, will require ten trees 15 feet apart. For the south wall five Peaches— 
Early Beatrice, Dr. Hogg, Grosse Mignonne, Belle Bauce, and Walburton 
Admirable ; five Nectarines—Advance, Lord Napier, Stanwick Elruge, 
Balgowan, and Pine Apple. For the west wall two Apricots—Kaisha and 
Peach; four Plums—Green Gage, MacLaughlin’s Gage, Heine Claude de 
Bavay ; and for late fruit either Coe’s Golden Drop or Blue Imperatrice : four 
Cherries — Early Purple Gean, Empress Eugenie, Black Tartarian, and 
Governor Wood. Other trees—Figs : Brown Turkey, and Brunswick ; 
Medlars—Dutch for size, Nottingham for flavour, Damson-Cluster, and 
Prune; Raspberries—Prince of Wales, Yellow Antwerp, Carters’ Prolific; 
Strawberries—Vicomtesse de Thury, Sir Joseph Paxton, Marguerite, Lucas, 
James Veitch, Dr. Hogg, Frogmore Late Pine, and Helena Gloede. Fifty 
Apples—Dessert : Red Joanetting, Mr. Gladstone, Kerry Pippin, Worcester 
Pearmain, Yellow Ingestrie, King of the Pippins, Margil, Pine Golden 
Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Pine Apple Russet, Mannington’s Pearmain, 
Cornish Gilliflower, Melon Apple, Lodgemore Nonpareil, Bess Pool, Lord 
Burghley, Summer Pippin, and Court Pendu Plat. Kitchen Apples : two 
each of Duchess of Oldenburgh, Keswick Codlin, Ecklinville Seedling, 
Warner’s King, Stirling Castle, Loddington, Tower of Glamis, Golden Noble, 
Northern Greening, and Gooseberry; one each of Lord Suffield, Small’s 
Admirable, Cellini, New Hawthornden, Blenheim Pippin, Winter Queening, 
Alfriston, Striped Beefing, Hanwell Souring, and Dumelow’s Seedling. Fifty 
Pears—two each of Williams’ Bon Chretien. Louise Bonne of Jersey, Comte 
de Flandre, Seckle, Doyenne du Comice, Fondante de Charneu, Comte de 
Lamy, Marie Louise, Marie Louise d’Uccle, Knight’s Monarch, Fondante 
d’Automne, Dana’s Hovey, Winter Nelis, Jewess, Huyshe’s Victoria, and 
Easter Beurre ; one each of DoyeDnd d’Etd, Citron des Carmes, Jargonelle, 
Beurrd Giffard, Summer Beurrd d’Aremberg:, Beurre d’Amanlis, Madame 
Treyve, Colmar d’Ete, Souvenir du Congres, Thompson’s, Urbaniste, Duron- 
deau, Beurre Clairgeau, Beurre d’Aremberg, Forelle, Zephirin Grdgoire, 
Beurrd Bachelier, and Emile d’Heyst. 
Names of Fruit (T. W. Sanders ).—5, Lewis’ Incomparable ; 6, Beauty of 
Kent. The Pears are probably French or Belgian varieties not adapted to 
this climate ; not one of them is worth growing, and we do not know their 
names. (IF. A. M.). —1, Bedfordshire Foundling; 2, Striped Beefing; 3, 
Golden Winter Pearmain ; 4, Braddick’s Nonpariel: 5, Cox’s Orange Pippin ; 
6, Hollandbury. Nelson’s Glory is Warner’s King, the other is Emperor 
Alexander. (J. F. IF., Beal ).—The Peach is no doubt the Salwev, but your 
situation evidently does not suit it. It requires to be grown in a warm 
sheltered spot. {J. L.). —1, Chaumontel; 2, Marie Louise ; 3, Golden Noble ; 
4, Striped Beaufin ; 5, Scarlet Pearmain ; 6, Franklin’s Golden Pippin. 
( Longcroft ).—15, Goff ; 17, Quince. Sorry we cannot recognise any of the 
others. It is a pity you had not taken the opportunity of the Apple 
Gongress to have taken them to Chiswick and compared them. ( Colvile 
Browne). —1, Beurre Ranee; 2, name not known; 6, Comte de Lamy. We 
do not recognise any of the others, and they are all inferior. See our reply 
to “Longcroft.” (IF. Thornton ).—2, Braddick’s Nonpareil; 3, Coe’s Golden 
Drop; 4, Ten Shillings , 2, Pear Napoldon ; 3, Nutmeg. (IF. Graves). —The 
Apple is not known ; it is probably a local variety. 
r» p rj 
Ol)7 
Names of Plants (J. II.). —1, A dark-coloured variety of Dahlia glabrata ; 
2, Helianthus dtcapetalus. (.A IF.).—Francoa appendiculata. (IF. C. Preston). 
—Oncidium micropogon. (IF. M.). —1, Vanda tricolor; 2 and 3, varieties of 
Odontoglossum Alexandra}. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET.— October 24th. 
Good samples of Apples have well maintained the rise of last week, but common 
goods are heavy. Hothouse fruits in good supply with no alteration. A few St. Michael 
Pines to hand affecting home fruit. 
FRUIT. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
a. 
Apples .. .. 
A sieve 
i 
0 
to 3 
0 
Melons. 
2 
0 
to 3 
0 
»» • • • • 
per barrel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Nectarines .. .. 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Apricots 
, , 
box 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Oranges. 
.. 100 
6 
0 
10 
0 
Chestnuts .. 
bushel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Peaches. 
dozen 
2 
0 
12 
0 
Figs .. .. 
dozen 
0 
9 
1 
0 
Fears, kitchen 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Filberts.. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
„ dessert 
dozen 
1 
0 
8 
0 
Cobs .. .. 
per ft. 
1 
0 
1 
2 
Pine Apples English., ft. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Grapes .. .. 
1 
0 
3 
0 
Plums and Damsons .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Lemons .. .. 
25 
0 
35 
0 
Strawberries.. .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
Artichokes 
. dozen 
2 
0 
to 4 
0 
Mushrooms .. 
punnet 
l 
0 
to 1 
6 
Beans, Kidney 
ft 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Mustard and Cress 
punnet 
0 
2 
0 
3 
Beet, lied 
dozen 
1 
0 
o 
0 
Onions . 
bushel 
2 
6 
8 
0 
Broccoli .. 
bundle 
0 
9 
i 
0 
Parsley .. dozen bunches 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Brussels Sprouts 
. I sieve 
2 
6 
3 
6 
Parsnips. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Cabbage .. .. 
dozen 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Potatoes. 
cwt. 
4 
0 
5 
0 
Capsicums 
100 
1 
6 
2 
0 
„ Kidney .. 
cwt. 
4 
0 
5 
0 
Carrots .. 
bunch 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Rhubarb. 
bundle 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Cauliflowers .. 
dozen 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Salsafy. 
bundle 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Celery .. .. 
bundle 
i 
6 
2 
0 
Scorzonera .. .. 
bundle 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Coleworts doz. 
bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Seakale. 
basket 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Cucumbers 
each 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Shallots. 
.. ft. 
0 
3 
0 
2 
Endive .. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Spinach. 
bushel 
2 
6 
3 
0 
Herbs .. .. 
. bunch 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Tomatoes 
.. ft. 
0 
3 
0 
8 
Leeks .. .. 
. bunch 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Turnips. 
bunch 
0 
0 
0 
4 
Lettuce .. .. 
score 
1 
0 
1 
6 
IMPROVED DAIRY CATTLE. 
Any improvement which can be obtained in our breeds and the 
selection of dairy cattle still ranks high in the estimation of dairy 
farmers, for there nevtr has been a period within the past fifty years 
when dairy farming was so profitable as at present. It is therefore 
extremely important to consider what can be done to improve those 
breeds which hitherto have been used for the production of milk and 
butter only. This has been the case especially for the past fifty 
years with the Channel Island cattle, whether Guernseys, Jerseys, or 
Alderneys. Previous to 1830, however, we had a breed of cattle 
commonly called Normans, in all probability deriving their name and 
nativity from Normandy, and it is said even at present many animals 
from Normandy are imported to this country and sold as Channel 
Island stock. These Normans were valuable as dairy stock, and in 
some respects were preferable to the ordinary Channel Island cattle of 
the present day. We found them in our own dairy and in numerous 
dairies in the southern counties. They were large roomy animals, 
capable of making heavy weights when fed for the butcher. They 
were not only large in outline, but w r ere also very wide on the back 
and deep in the carcass, with short legs and strong bones, but remark¬ 
ably kind and neat in the head and horn, with capacious udders and 
large teats. They were capital milkers as to quantity and the quality 
good, although the cream yielded was not so rich as our present 
Guernsey stock, but quite equal to the general run of Jerseys of the 
present day. With the Norman cows it was a general custom when 
they went dry or barren to feed them for beef, for which purpose 
they paid well, and they were particularly adapted for use as a suck¬ 
ling dairy, for we have obtained from them very heavy calves and of 
beautiful quality of veal, equal at weight for age to any calves pro¬ 
duced by the Devons or Herefords of the present day. We have 
referred to this old breed because they were in some respects an 
illustration of improvements required at the present time, for it is 
well known that in the majority of cases where attempts have been 
made to feed for beef barren animals from a Channel Island dairy 
stock, that it has never been as a rule a profitable transaction even 
when they have been made fat enough for the shambles. They are, 
however, when out of profit for the dairy usually sold as useless for 
fattening at the present day. 
The points we wish to prevail in the improved animal for dairy 
purposes nex f a «iand consideration. The points or requisites we 
