JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ December 29, 188S. 
528 
of the beds. The house was soon cleared, and we had no more until last 
spring, when they appeared in the Cucumber and Melon house, attacking 
the small Cucumbers and Melons. I used to catch a great many in the 
paths at night, but they at last increased to hundreds, but when the fires 
were discontinued in the summer they soon disappeared.—A. Stevens, 
Holytvcll Park. 
ALTERING THE NAMES OF CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 
Now that the Chrysanthemum exhibitions are over and the cultivators 
of that beautiful autumn flower are looking over their catalogues for the 
purpose of selecting their new stock for the ensuing year, I think that a 
few hints may be useful to those who, like myself, are desirous of having 
their plants all true to name. 
There are doubtless some of your readers who have purchased plants 
of well-known nurserymen, grown them all the year, spent time, money, 
and attention upon their culture, and then when the blooming season 
arrived have had the mortification of finding that what they bought as 
Peter the Great turned out to be The Sultan, and that Bismarck was really 
The Cossack. 
Now, in my opinion, no words can sufficiently express the keen dis¬ 
appointment that a grower feels at being treated in that way, especially 
when a nurseryman of considerable reputation has served him in the same 
manner on more than one occasion; and he can only come to the very 
natural conclusion that such a proceeding is an intentional disregard of 
those principles of honour and integrity which every man in commerce is 
in duty bound to observe. 
But there is another and still more serious practice going on in the 
trade which is less likely to be detected than that mentioned in the pre¬ 
ceding paragraph, and which I am determined shall not he allowed to 
exist if any protest on my part can affect it. It is a well-known fact 
among Chrysanthemum growers that the majority of the new Japanese 
flowers sent out every year are raised by the French firm of Delaux et 
Fils. It is from them that the English firms obtain either directly or 
indirectly many of them new varieties, and they usually appear, as they 
should do, in the English catalogues with the names given to them by the 
French raisers. 
But as most rules have an exception it is unfortunately so with regard 
to new Chrysanthemums, and one English house of business of no little 
importance has this year wrongly named, incorrectly spelled, mutilated, 
and curtailed the names of not less than thirteen varieties sent out last 
season by that French firm to which I have just alluded. 
When I first noticed this unaccountable change nearly three weeks 
ago I immediately wrote pointing out the extraordinary variation, being 
then under the impression that it has happened for the first time, and that 
it was probably ignorance on the part of an employ^ that occasioned the 
errors. Since that time, however, after a careful investigation, it has 
come to my knowledge that precisely the same thing was done last year 
in at least six or seven instances. 
As my letter to the firm still remains unanswered I can only assume 
that this respectable English house intends to let the question remain as 
it is, notwithstanding the distinct assertion that plants on sale there are 
true to name, and I fully anticipate finding when next autumn comes 
round the whole of the new Chrysanthemums sent out by Messrs. 
Delaux et Fils (and probably the other French growers) re-christened, and 
that they will thus be despoiled of the honour to which they are entitled 
for the care and unflagging zeal they have shown in the cultivation of a 
flower that excites the admiration of everyone who beholds it. 
It is unnecessary for me to point out the terrible state of confusion 
that will exist if a check is not put upon this practice at once, and the 
useless expense which will be incurred by growers who make it a point, as 
some of my friends do, of purchasing all the new varieties ; in addition to 
which they will have the vexation of finding out when too late that they 
have the same variety under two different names.— C. Harman Payne, 
S, Kennington Park Gardens, Kennington Park. 
[No one is justified in changing the name that was attached to a plant 
by its raiser without his permission. Can any of our correspondents 
adduce examples of the practice that is very properly condemned ?] 
STORED-UP SAP IN VINES. 
Your correspondent, “Credo,” will find the quotation from Lindley 
that he failed to discover where I said he would—viz., at page 52, chap, iv., 
second edition, published fifteen years later than his copy. He will 
also find it correctly coped and applied by me, and that the first plant 
named by Lindley as an example is the Vine. As to the other quotation, 
I fail to see the object of “ Credo ” in reproducing it in an extended form 
in your pages, as it adds nothing to the point at issue. The gist of 
“ Credo’s ” article is at the end where, in a few words, he utterly destroys 
Mr. Taylor’s case and corroborates all I have Baid. I have not denied 
that Vines stored up sap, only said that they did not store it “ in the 
sense” Mr. Taylor describes—that is like an Onion. I admitted, in my 
first note, that a Vine wholly deprived of its roots would burst its buds, 
but said it would “ do barely more ” unless the fresh or crude sap from 
the roots came to its aid. This is exactly what “ Credo” says, only in 
other words, as follows :—“When the buds commence expanding in the 
spring they unquestionably obtain their full supplies from the ‘ stored-up 
sap ’ in contiguous cells, but immediately a green surface is exposed to 
the air elaboration commences, and the crude sap is then speedily utilised. 
It is in this respect that I cannot think Mr. Taylor quite correct in 
assuming that the leaves are entirely dependent on the stored-up sap 
until they are 5 inches broad, as the smallest green foliage surface 
exposed to light suffices to produce the requisite change in the fluid 
absorbed from the Vine.” 
This is all I contend for practically. Green foliage and tissue are 
“exposed” the moment the buds burst through their scales, and before 
the roots are more than a few days old or more than half an inch or an 
inch long, and they avail themselves of the crude tap at once, and with 
which the Vines are being constantly filled from the roots. A very 
different story this from Mr. Taylor’s. It is after this period his Vines 
“ depend ” on stored-up sap, and the Vines he spoke of were dependent 
on it, he said, up till the 10th of February ! 
What does “Credo” mean by “contiguous cells?” I admit that 
buds, like seeds, store sufficient nutriment within themselves to sustain 
their vitality and perhaps to burst their scales, but that is about all. 
With Mr. Taylor it is stored in some unexplained way in the stems. I 
do not think either of your correspondents are very clear on the subject 
of “ elaborated ” sap. I have always understood that the sap ascended 
by one channel, was elaborated in the leaves, and descended by another 
channel to the trunk and branches, where it formed new wood; but 
never returned to the leaves again, which are the elaborating organs, and 
not the final repositories of elaborated sap. But according to “ Credo ” 
and Mr. Taylor the sap or part of it elaborated in 1883 returns to the 
leaves again in 1884. Is this so, and is the order of the circulation of the 
sap reversed ? Does the sap travel back and upwards by the descending 
channel, or how? There is something involved here. When Lindley 
speaks, as in the quotation I gave, and which is amplified by “ Credo,” 
it is crude sap which is said to be “ stored up till it is required by the 
young shoots of the succeeding year.”— Non-Believer. 
Having at last convinced “ Non-Believer ” of one of the great truths 
sought to be established in the minds of my readers—namely, that Vines 
do store up food during one season for use in the following season, there 
is a hope that the sequel to this—namely, that the Vines subsist on the 
food so stored up till they have reached a certain stage, may also 
ultimately form a part of his creed, and then he will be a “ Non-Believer ” 
no longer. Passing over his personal remarks as regards my unreliable¬ 
ness and total untrustworthiness with the thought that he has not yet 
proved his capacity for judging of this matter, and that better men than 
myself have been abused by their pupils, I will examine the question as 
it now stands. 
It is admitted, then, that food is stored up in Vines, and that 
when “Non-Believer” said “only bulbs and tuberous roots store food, 
for reasons apparent to anyone,” he was labouring under a funda¬ 
mental error. This is important, because on the existence of this truth 
depends all my treatment of Vines in autumn and spring. “ Non- 
Believer” also almost accepts the statement that the root hairs are the 
agents by which food is taken up and carried to all parts of the plant, and 
he has known and acknowledged all along that root-growth commences 
subsequent to leaf-growth. The only question remaining at issue, then, is, 
Do root hairs exist before root-growth commences ? I say they do not, 
and that they are only produced on the young growths and are only of 
annual duration. Your correspondent invites the authorities “at Kew 
or elsewhere” to settle the point for him. Now I will tell him of a very 
simple plan whereby he or anyone else may arrive at a conclusion 
without troubling the authorities at Kew, who would probably be a little 
more modest than your correspondent about repudiating facts noted by 
an observant gardener on a subject w r hich he had made a life study, 
although they might fairly question his theories and deductions. 
The plan I recommend is : Procure a couple of small Vines in 7-inch 
pots from a nursery, such as are too frequently sold for planting, and 
may be purchased for half-a-crown each. Cut them down immediately 
to a good eye near the bottom and place them in a sitting-room window 
where they can have ordinary attention as regards watering. When top 
growth commences turn them out daily and examine the coils of roots 
round the ball with a good microscope, and note exactly when root- 
growth commences and when root hairs are formed. After turning out 
the plants two or three times they will scarcely fit so well round the 
sides of the pots, and it will be necessary to place saucers under them 
when water is required, so as to guard against the possibility of their 
becoming too dry. 
It may be necessary to tell some of my readers that the root hairs—the 
real feeders—are almost too small to be seen without a glass, and that when 
examined with such an instrument they are seen to be arranged around 
the elongating root in bottle-brush fashion a short distance from the spear¬ 
like point, which is not supposed by modern physiologists to feed at all. 
The way the root hairs feed shall be told by Dr. Masters in language that 
all can understand. “ The passage of the insoluble matters in the soil 
into the root is effected by an acid liquid produced by the root hair or 
cell in consequence of its contact with the particle of soil, aided by the 
water in the soil. This acid fluid saturates the cell walls, corrodes, and 
effects the solution of the surface of the particle of the soil in contact 
with the fibril or root-hair. No passage of acid fluid out of the cell takes 
place, root-excretions having no existence, but the corrosive, and as it 
were digestive action above mentioned, is due solely to the absolute 
contact of the cell of the root with the particle of soil. The soil, there¬ 
fore, is not to be looked on as containing so much liquid food ready for 
instant use. This may be so as regards water, but for other substances 
the digestive action of the roots is necessary .”—(Plant Life, p. 20.) 
It will be seen, then, by the youngest of readers that when “ Non- 
Believer” writes of plants “absorbing sap from the ground from the 
