20 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ July 7, 1881. 
the rods where they will be fully exposed to the sun in order to ripen the wood. 
When the leaves commence changing colour place the Vines out of doors, secur¬ 
ing the rods to the wall to ensure their being thoroughly matured. It is a good 
plan to stand each pot on a brick to prevent worms entering, and if the plants 
■ are to remain outside during the winter surround the pots with coal ashes, 
which obviate the danger of frost breaking the pots. 
Culture of Oncidium Papilio (X, Chester). —This peculiar but attrac¬ 
tive Orchid is usually treated as an epiphyte, being grown upon a block of wood 
either suspended from the roof of the house, or with one end placed in a pot of 
peat and sphagnum well drained. A winter temperature of 55° to 60° suits it 
very well, allowing a rise to 10° above the last-named temperature during the 
summer, shading from the sun, and carefully supplying water both in the grow¬ 
ing season and when at rest. The pseudo-bulbs must not be allowed to shrivel 
at any time, as considerable injury will result to the plant, from which it rarely 
recovers satisfactorily. 
Oyster Shells for Garden Purposes (G. 0. S .).—We have employed 
the shells rather extensively both crushed and calcined. For crushing them 
when small quantities only are required, an iron plate and an ordinary heavy 
hammer are sufficient, whilst for larger quantities a mortar will be needed. To 
effect the calcining an oven or a kiln is necessary, so that by subjecting the 
shells to strong heat they will be disintegrated. In this state they may be 
used for all purposes similarly to lime, especially for fruit trees. 
Wintering East Lothian Stocks (It. B .).—The best time to sow the 
seed is early in August. When the young plants produced have formed tvvo or 
three leaves they should be potted three around the sides of a 3-incli pot in 
rather gritty loam. Before severe weather commences have the pots plunged in 
coal ashes, and the plants covered with a frame or handlight, air being ad¬ 
mitted freely in mild weather, and protection afforded over the lights. 
Erythrina Crista-galli Losing its Lower Leaves ( John Pearson). 
—The lower leaves and flowers frequently fall when the plant is grown in too 
warm and dry an atmosphere, and is not well supplied with water. Keep the 
plants in a light position, and syringe daily to check red spider, and when the 
plant is growing freely afford weak liquid manure liberal^. 
Tuberous Begonia Treatment {Mrs. Webster). —The plants have no 
doubt received a check through being removed from the stove without being 
inured to the change. They certainly should not have been removed until they 
were coming into bloom, and the check is sufficient to account for their unsatis¬ 
factory condition. Place the plants in a cool house or pit, arranging them near 
the glass, affording shade for an hour or two at midday, and they will probably 
recover. 
Peacli Trees Shedding their Leaves (J. T. Sinclair).—The most pro¬ 
bable cause is a sudden check, owing, we think, to the trees being allowed to 
become dry at the roots. There is, however, red spider on one of the Peach 
leaves and also on the Vine leaves, quite sufficient to account for their drying 
up and withering. Thorough syriugings in the evening is the safest remedy, 
directing the water forcibly against the under side of the leaves. Nicotine soap 
at the rate of, 3 ozs. to the gallon of water will destroy the pests, applying it 
at a temperature of 90°, washing it off the following evening if applied to the 
Vines. Add a little guano to the water for the trees in pots, about an ounce to 
a gallon, and before watering the borders sprinkle a little of the same over them. 
Peach and Nectarine Leaves Perforated {E.S.A .).—The holes are 
not caused by any insect, but are due to scorching, which may have arisen from 
the sun acting powerfully on the leaves whilst wet, which destroys their tissues. 
There is no trace of scale on the leaves, which are small and thin in texture, and 
certainly would be better for more ventilation. The point of the shoot of the 
Nectarine is infested with red spider, the remedy for which is frequent forcible 
eyringings or the application of an insecticide. Neglecting to syringe is the 
cause of its present condition. Caterpillars have caused the injury to the Pear 
leaves. They will generally be found on the under side of the leaves or rolled in 
them. A solution of soft soap will destroy them, and so will most insecticides, 
but hand-picking is the surest, although a tedious remedy. 
Bouvardia Treatment (X. I). ,S'.).—The best plan is to strike cuttings 
early in the year, grow them on, and plant them out in May in a pit or frame 
containing good rich soil. Supply water liberally, and lifting and potting them 
in September. To ensure their flowering in winter they should have a light 
position in a temperature of 55° to 65° artificially, and 10° to 15° more from sun 
heat. The plants probably are not in a healthy state at the roots. 
Eucbaris amazonica not Flowering {Exeter).—' The plants having 
yellow leaves indicates ill health, no doubt due to the roots being in bad con¬ 
dition. Turn the plants out of the pots, remove all the soil not occupied with 
roots, and repot in good fibrous yellow loam, keeping the bulbs about 2 inches 
beneath the surface. Syringe freely, only keeping the soil moist until the plants 
start into growth then supply water abundantly, and when in free growth 
liquid manure will be beneficial. In potting good drainage must be provided, 
making the soil moderately firm. Shade from bright sun for a time, and if a 
bottom heat of 85° to 90° is at command it would facilitate the rooting. After 
growth has ceased place the plants in the coolest and driest part of the stove 
but in a light position, and water only to prevent flagging. After subjecting 
them to this treatment for a couple of months remove them to a warmer posi¬ 
tion, and encourage growth by a moist atmosphere, copious supplies of water, 
and bottom heat. 
Grapes Scalded {T. N. A .).—Lady Downe’s is a variety particularly liable 
to have the berries scalded, and even experienced cultivators find it difficult to 
prevent. Avoid a low night temperature, 65° to 70° being safe, ventilating 
night and day, increasing the supply of air early in the morning as the sun 
gains power. If attention to those matters fails to produce any beneficial 
effect the glass may be lightly shaded with limewush, which can be removed 
when the stoning period is past. 
Treatment of Fuchsias (/’. S.). —The cultural particulars on page 2 of 
the present issue will probably meet your requirements. Fumigation is no 
doubt needed, and probably the plants have been allowed to become dry at 
some time. 
Names of Plants (A. M. B .).— The specimen you previously sent was too 
crushed to be recognised, but from your description we should think it must be 
the common Stonecrop, Sedum acre. (IF. J .).—1, Bougainvillea glabra; 2, 
Tecema stans ; 3, Adiantum trapeziforme ; 4, Adiantum macrophyllum. (IF. B.). 
—Both specimens were much crushed, but the long flower resembles Criuum 
capense, the other is quite unrecognisable. {E. A/.).—1, Mimulus cardinalis ; 
2, an (Enothera, but so withered as to be undeterminable; 3, Eanunculus 
acris flore-pleno ; 4, Hesperis matronalis. {A Young Gardener).— Materials in 
bad condition though carefully packed. 1, Galium saxatile; 2, Potentilla 
reptans ; 3, Lychnis viscaria. 
CO VENT GARDEN MARKET.— July 6. 
The prices and supplies continue very similar to those quoted last week. 
Strawberries being still very abundant. 
FRUIT. 
8. 
a. 
8. 
a. 
8. 
d. 
9. 
a. 
Apples. 
J sieve 
0 
OtoO 
0 
Melons . 
2 
6 to 4 
0 
Apricots. 
box 
1 
f> 
3 
0 
Nectarines.. 
G 
0 
10 
0 
^ lb. 
0 
G 
1 
0 
.. .. ^100 
4 
0 
8 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
G 
0 
20 
0 
Figs. 
dozen 
6 
0 
9 
0 
Bears,kitchen .. dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Filberts. 
$>■11). 
0 
0 
0 
0 
dessert .... 
.... dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Cobs. 
v it< 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pine Apples 
.... V tb 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Gooseberries .... 
j sieve 
2 
G 
3 
6 
Strawberries 
_ per Ib. 
0 
4 
1 
0 
Grapes . 
V lb 
3 
0 
8 
0 
Walnuts ... 
.... bushel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Lemons. 
IF case 
12 
0 
18 
0 
v ioo 
0 
0 
0 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
8. 
a. 
8. 
a. 
8. 
a, 
8. 
a. 
2 
0 t f> 4 
0 
■J 
0 to 1 
r> 
Asparagus. 
bundle 
2 
0 
5 
0 
Mustard A Cress .. punnet 
0 
2 
0 
3 
Keans,Kidney ... 
V 100 
I 
0 
1 
6 
Onions . 
3 
G 
£ 
0 
Beet, lied. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
pickling .. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Broccoli . 
bundle 
0 
9 
1 
6 
Parsley . 
doz.bunches 
6 
0 
0 
0 
Brussels Sprouts.. 
) sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Parsnips .... 
1 
0 
2 
0 
dozen 
0 
G 
1 
0 
1 
0 
i 
6 
Carrots. 
bunch 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Potatoes .... 
3 
9 
4 
0 
Capsicums. 
100 
1 
6 
2 
0 
K idnev.... 
4 
0 
4 
s 
Cauliflowers. 
dozen 
0 
0 
3 
6 
Radishes.... 
doz .bunches 
i 
6 
2 
0 
bundle 
1 
6 
2 
0 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Colcworts_doz. bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Salsafy. 
i 
0 
0 
0 
0 
4 
0 
8 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Endive. 
dozen 
1 
U 
2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Fennel. 
bunch 
0 
3 
0 
0 
o 
3 
0 
0 
Garlic . 
y ib. 
0 
« 
0 
0 
Spinach .... 
3 
0 
0 
0 
Herbs. 
bunch 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Turnips. 
.... bunch 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Leeks. 
bunch 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Vegetable Marrows each 
0 
0 
0 
0 
POULTRY AND PIGEON CHRONICLE. 
THE DISEASES OF SHEEP AND LAMBS. 
{Continued from page 542.) 
In concluding our remarks last week upon the subject of diseases 
in sheep being caused by the use of artificial manures, as supposed 
by some persons, we stated that the mistake made was by accept¬ 
ing a coincidence instead of a cause. It is, however, a matter of 
so much importance to the home farmer to understand whether 
this is or is not a possible question that we ask, Is it possible that 
artificial fertilising substances such as superphosphate, guano, 
and nitrate of soda can act upon the health and constitution of 
the animals which consume the roots produced by these materials, 
seeing that manures are changed into compounds adapted for feed¬ 
ing and fattening the stock? This matter is, in our opinion, 
decided at once if we look to the analysis of these manures, and 
also the composition of roots—such as Mangolds, Swedes, and 
Carrots—as given by Dr. Voelcker in his analysis of the different 
items. It is however, we fear, too often the case that negligence 
or ignorant management of sheep, especially in feeding ewes 
during pregnancy, is attributed to causes of such as we have 
above alluded to, instead of admitting that any mistakes have 
been made in the management of the stock. 
We have now before us important questions, the investigation of 
which will show how formidable are the diseases to which we 
shall refer, with the view of describing both cause and effect, 
which cannot be too well understood by all persons whose time 
and capital are employed in the rearing and feeding valuable 
animals like sheep and lambs. One of the most disastrous diseases 
which we have to contend with of the present day is the lame¬ 
ness of sheep stock, which shows itself in many different ways. 
Nothing but considerable experience on the part of the home 
farmer and his shepherd can at all times distinguish the nature 
and cause of the outbreak when sheep are first taken or attacked 
with lameness, for in the early symptoms “ foot rot,” which is a 
distinct disease from the "epidemic lameness” or “foot-and- 
mouth disease,” the symptoms at the first outbreak are often so 
