800 JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. t September 29 , issi. 
Ventilating a Vinery (F. Walker ).—When Grapes are grown in an un¬ 
heated vinery beyond doubt it is advisable to close as early in the afternoon as 
possible during the growing season. No stated time can be determined for 
opening and closing a vinery, this not being a question of clockwork at all but 
solely one of temperature. Assuming that the thermometer in the house regis¬ 
ters 60° before the sun reaches the structure in the morning we should, when 
the heat reaches 65°, open the top lights slightly, but not sufficient to cause the 
mercury to fall to 59°. We should open the lights still wider at 70 r , and again 
at 75° ; but in neither case sufficiently so to cause the temperature to fall. At 
80° we should give a little front air, and if the heat still increased should open 
both front and top ventilators, and allow the maximum temperature to remain 
as near 85° as possible, the thermometer being perfectly shaded. Early in the 
afternoon as soon as the heat commenced declining we should first reduce the 
front ventilation, then the top, with the object of maintaining the heat at 85° 
as long as possible, and close the house when we were certain that temperature 
would not be exceeded afterwards. At night we should open the top lights 
slightly and leave them open, as we do not approve of a perfectly close vinery in 
the summer. As there is Peaches in the house it will be necessary to keep the 
house as cool as possible during the winter to retard the starting of the trees in 
spring, and possibly, having regard to the position and state of the trees, we 
should open the front ventilators sooner ; but, having regard to the Vines 
alone—and it is only in respect of these that you ask information—we have 
described what we consider the proper method of ventilation. The moisture, as 
a rule, should be governed by the temperature. 
Trees and Shrubs as a Screen for Building (S. M. G.). — The 
quickest-growing deciduous tree is Lombardy Poplar, and in evergreens Corsican 
Pine, but it is not so dense in growth as the Austrian Pine. Other deciduous 
trees are Acer platanoides, iEsculus Hippocastauum, Betula alba, Platanus occi- 
dentalis, Tilia europaa, TJlmus montana, Qucrcus rubra, Acer Pseudo-platanus, 
A. rubrum, Fagus sylvatica, and F. purpurea. The following deciduous shrubs 
or small trees are suitable for planting — Amelanchier arbutifolia floribunda, 
Cerasus Padus, Cytisus Laburnum alpinum, Leutzia crenata tlore-pleno, Philadel- 
phus coronarius, Pyrus Aucuparia, P. Aria, P. prunifolia, Rhus glabra, Crataegus 
Oxyacantha var. coccinea plena, multiplex, rosea ; Spiraea ar sefolia, S. prunifolia 
flore-pleno, S. callosa superba, Syringa vulgaris and alba. Viburnum opulus, and 
Weigela rosea. Of evergreen shrubs—Aucuba japonica, Berberis Darwini, com¬ 
mon and Portugal Laurel, Hollies in variely, and Viburnum Tinus. We should 
plant the deciduous trees at the back, and with Yew and Holly, so as ulti¬ 
mately to form a good undergrowth of evergreens, as those thrive well under 
deciduous trees provided the latter are thinned in due time. The lesser trees 
and shrubs we should dispose in front so as to form an ornamental shrubbery, 
having a good breadth of Rhododendrons on the outside. If you employ Conifers 
they must not be mixed with deciduous trees if they are to remain permanently, 
though you may have Lombardy Poplars at the back and Austrian Pines in 
front. 
queenlessness. We presume it was not a moveable-comb hive, else its state would 
surely have been discovered in time to prevent its ruin. The brown colour of 
the combs we take to evidence their having been used at one time for breeding 
purposes. The crumbs at the entrance are the ddbris of cells and cappings torn 
down by the robbers. The other stock found deserted and in similar condition 
had probably suffered from the same cause. The remedy in such cases is to 
make sure that all parent stocks and after-swarms arc provided with laying 
queens within three weeks from swarming. 
CO VENT GARDEN MARKET.-SEP'J EMBER 28. 
We have nothing new to quote this week beyond a better demand for good 
Peaches and Pines. 
FRUIT. 
<9. 
d. 
s. d. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d 
1 
< to30 
0 
Apricots. 
doz. 
0 
0 
0 0 
Melons . 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Clierries. 
IF lb. 
0 
0 
0 0 
Nectarines.. 
1 
0 
6 
0 
0 
0 
0 <1 
Oranges .... 
IF 100 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Currants, Black . 
1 sieve 
0 
0 
0 0 
Beaches . 
1 
0 
9 
0 
„ Red.... 
£ sieve 
0 
0 
0 0 
Pears .kitchen .. dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Fists. 
dozen 
0 
0 
1 A 
dessert .... 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Filberts.. 
IF lb. 
0 
0 
0 9 
Bine Apples 
.... IF tb 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Cobs. 
IF tb 
0 
0 
0 8 
Strawberries 
.... per lb. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Gooseberries .... 
i sieve 
0 
0 
0 0 
Walnuts .... 
.... bushel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
IF lb 
0 
0 
4 0 
ditto _ 
0 
0 
0 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
s 
d. 
s. d. 
s. 
d. 
S. 
d. 
Artichokes. 
dozen 
2 
0 to 4 0 
Mushrooms 
1 
0 to 1 
e 
Asparagus. 
bundle 
0 
0 
0 0 
Mustard* Cress .. punnet 
0 
2 
0 
3 
Beans, Kidney_ 
IF lb. 
0 
3 
0 6 
Onions. 
3 
6 
5 
0 
Beet, Red. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 0 
pickling ... 
0 
0 
0 
5 
Broccoli. 
bundle 
0 
9 
1 6 
Barsley. 
doz. bunches 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Brussels Sprouts.. 
) sieve 
0 
0 
0 0 
Parsnips .... 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Cabbage. 
dozen 
0 
6 
1 0 
Peas . 
0 
9 
1 
3 
Carrots. 
buuch 
0 
4 
0 6 
Potatoes .... 
3 
y 
4 
0 
Capsicums. 
3F 100 
1 
6 
2 0 
Kidney.... 
4 
0 
4 
6 
Cauliflowers. 
dozen 
0 
0 
3 6 
Radishes.... 
doz .hunches 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Celery . 
bundle 
1 
6 
2 0 
Rhubarb .... 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Coleworts_doz. bunches 
2 
0 
4 0 
Salsafy. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Cucumbers. 
each 
0 
4 
0 <1 
Scorzo’nera 
I 
s 
0 
0 
Endive. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 0 
Seakale . 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Fennel. 
bunch 
0 
3 
0 0 
Shallots .... 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Garlic . 
V lb. 
0 
6 
0 0 
Spinach .... 
3 
0 
0 
(1 
Herbs. 
bunch 
0 
2 
0 c 
turnips. 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Leeks. 
buuch 
0 
3 
0 4 
Vegetable Marrows each 
0 
0 
0 
I 
Peach Trees Unhealthy (F. C .).—The fact that the tree planted out 
produces fine green leaves while those in pots have small yellow foliage suggests 
that the latter do not obtain the nutriment they require. Some mistake may 
have been made in watering, either by saturating the soil before the roots were 
in an active state or, on the other hand, permitting the soil to be too dry as the 
trees advanced in growth. If the pots are very full of roots the latter is pro¬ 
bably the case, and top-dressings of manure would also have been beneficial. 
Have you Mr. Rivers’ work on the orchard house ? If you have, you cannot do 
better than follow the instructions it contains. If you do not possess the work 
you had better obtain it; it is published by Longmans, and can be had through 
a bookseller. As your young trees are so liable to injury by frost we should 
certainly pot them as you propose. Loosening the ligatures would be safer than 
removing them at once, but the condition of the stems and buds must guide 
you in this matter. The most complete work on practical gardening is McIntosh’s 
“ Book of the Garden,” published by Blackwood & Sons, London and Edinburgh. 
Your other questions shall be answered next week. 
Plants for Shaded Borders (S. M. G.j. —The following selection in¬ 
cludes such plants as you require—Aconitum pyrenaicum, Ajuga genevensis, 
Allium victoriale, Anemone apennina, A. nemorosa plena, Aronicum glaciale, 
Aubrietia grteca, Arabis albida, Caltha palustris plena, Campanula aggregata, 
Colchicum autumnale var., C. speciosum, Convallaria majalis, C. polygonatum, 
Cyclamen hederEefolium, Epigtea repens, Snowdrops, Daffodils, Winter Aconite, 
Helleborus niger maximus, H. orientalis, Hepatica angulosa, II. triloba vars., 
Mimulus vars., Omphalodes verna, Paeonia vars., Primula acaulis vars., Ranun¬ 
culus aconitifolius plenus, Rhododendron hirsutnm, Scilla siberica, Hypericum 
calycinum, Symphytum album, S. orientale, Trollius europteus, T. napellifolius, 
and Violets. 
Names of Fruits (M. D.). —1, Cellini ; 2, Dumelow’s Seedling ; 3, Ecklin- 
ville Seedling; 4, Cox’s Orange Pippin ; 5, Beauty of Kent ; 6, Court Pendu Plat. 
(G. Wells). —1, Cockpit; 2, Norfolk Stone Pippin; 3, Red Autumn Calville. 
The Pear is probably Suzette de Bavay. (//. C. F.) —14, Grosse Calebasse; 35, 
Fondants d’Automne. We cannot identify the others from the specimens sent. 
(II. G. MI). — 1, De Neige ; 2, Lord Lennox; 3, Red Ingestrie ; A, Beurre Ca- 
piaumont; B, Swan’s Egg. (A Subscriber). —We cannot identify the sorts from 
such poor specimens. (R. P. Williams). —The Apple you have sent this week 'is 
undoubtedly Cellini, and if the one sent last week is not the same variety pro¬ 
duced by a different stock it is the Nonsuch. There are such variations in fruits 
that it is often impossible to determine the name of a variety from a solitary 
specimen. (J. M. Hopkins). —The seedling Apple does not appear to be of any 
special merit; but a single specimen is not sufficient whereon to found an esti¬ 
mate. (G. F. IF.).—It appears to be a highly coloured example of Gravenstein. 
It is said to have originated in the garden of the Duke of Augustenberg at the 
castle of Grafenstein. 
Names of Plants (F. IF.). — Peganum Harmala. (P. II.). —A variety of 
Stapelia Bufonia. (Inquirer). —1, Adiantum venustum ; 2, A. Capillus-Veneris 
variety; 3, Selaginella cuspidata; 4, Polypodium vulgare var. cambricum ; 5, 
Specimen not sufficient to determine the species ; it is one of the Aspidiums ; 
6, Nephrolepis cordifolia. (F. T. Arnold). —The Begonia with narrow leaves is 
B. angularis ; the other is B. Sambo. (II. C. 7\). —1, Chrysocoma Linosyris ; 
2, Helianthus multiflorus. (M. II. J/.).—The plant with broad leaves is Olea 
fragrans, and has been grown in England for more than a hundred years. The 
plant with small Orange-like fruits is 2Eg\e sepiaria, occasionally seen under 
the name of Citrus trifolium. It is included in the Orange family, and is closely 
allied to the genus Citrus. Both the Higle and the Olea are natives of Japan. 
(T. IF. G .).—Francoa ramosa. (J. C.). —Trachelium coeruleum. (G. IF. C.). — 
The specimen is insufficient for satisfactory determination, but it resembles 
Solidago Virgaurea. 
Hives Deserted (Subscriber ).—The hives with many drones which you 
lately found cleared of bees was lost through robbery, invited by its undoubted 
POULTRY AND PIGEON CHRONICLE. 
CONTINUOUS CORN-CROPPING AND CLAY FARMING. 
{Continued from page 279.) 
Having previously quoted from Mr. Prout’s pamphlet the 
account and method of draining his purchased estate at Saw- 
bridgeworth, we will now make a further quotation referring to 
its original state and condition, and the means adopted to bring 
the land and fields into a state fit for steam culture. He states, 
“The two farms enclosed within one ring fence I Fund sub¬ 
divided into fifty-one enclosures, averaging under 9 acres each. 
Straggling internal fences, encumbered with brushwood, pollard 
trees, and other inferior timber wasted a great proportion of the 
ground, hindered the proper expedition of tillage operations, har¬ 
boured weeds, birds, insects, and vermin, injuriously shaded both 
land and crops, and would have been of great expense to reduce 
into neat form and to keep trimmed and in repair. In four years 
I grubbed up nearly six and a half miles of ancient hedgerow, 
removed crooked banks, and filled-in the ditches alongside ; the 
whole area of the two farms into nine principal fields of nearly 
50 acres each, arranged generally in quadrilateral figure.” 
We have copied this statement, as it shows how the face of 
these farms, together measuring 450 acres, was relaid out and 
made available for steam cultivation. These farms in their 
former state represent the condition of hundreds of farms at 
present existing in different counties, many of which under exist¬ 
ing circumstances of agricultural depression will come into the 
owners’ hand to be remodelled or let to great disadvantage. Mr. 
Prout’s outlay and expenditure and system of laying-out will 
prove to some extent the best policy of proceeding to improve 
the occupying and letting value of clay land farms, especially if 
