October G, 1881. ] JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 323 
paints ; for tbe inside of houses they leave the surfaces too rough, and the 
painted work cannot be easily washed clean when washing is needed. The 
question of its application depends obviously on the manipulative skill of the 
amateur. Some amateurs are excellent painters, and others the reverse. 
Staging for Greenhouse ( Chas. Diamond). —The plants you name can 
be grown successfully on a stage 4 feet from the glass by elevating such plants 
as need it on inverted flower pots. You would also find a broad shelf along the 
back of the house and about 18 inches from the glass of great value for nearly 
all plants in a young state; in fact we advise you to affix a shelf broad or 
narrow wherever you find it convenient for doing so, and your greenhouse will 
be doubly useful. 
Tuberotts Begonias (77. TT.).—You will find a method of wintering these 
described on page 284 of our last week’s issue. The note was communicated by 
the manager of one of the finest flower gardens in the kingdom in which Be¬ 
gonias are grown extensively and successfully. The present is the time for 
taking up the plants, and you can, of course, place them in pots if you prefer 
instead of storing them in boxes. Not much soil is removed when the plants 
rre first taken up, but it is only reduced after the tops are withered if the conns 
are stored thickly in boxes. 
Rust on Grapes (J. C.). —The Grape sent resembles Mrs. Pearson. There 
are many causes of rust, but the most common is the admission of a strong 
current of air after the sun has raised the temperature of the house rapidly, thus 
inducing the deposition of moisture on the comparatively cold surface of the 
Grapes ; the air then admitted causes rapid evaporation, and rust ensues. Bust 
is often a consequence of sprinkling highly heated pipes with water, the vapour 
produced being rapidly condensed on the skin of the berries, and then air is 
admitted to allow of the moisture passing off. Rust may also be caused by 
cyringing with water impregnated with chalk or iron, and in the early stages of 
growth by fumes arising from sulphured hot-water pipes. 
Vine in Orchard House (F. C.).—If the growth of the Vine inside the 
house is healthy and covers the roof, or promises to do so, we fail to see what 
you would gain by having the whole length of the stem inside. The best part 
of the Vine is the top, not the lower portion of the stem. We certainly do not 
advise you to carry out your project of covering the stem near the house with 
soil, and then cutting off the Vine there. Nor do we, so far as wo understand 
your case, advise you to remove the Vine, as you might then have more growth 
in the house from the 8 or 9 feet of stem than could have the necessary light and 
air for rendering it fruitful. If the growths are removed from tbe stem outside 
and it is wrapped with haybands the Vine will flourish, provided the soil is suit¬ 
able and proper treatment is given to the growths inside the house. If the Vine 
is unhealthy we should plant a young one in good soil and a suitable position, 
and gradually remove the old as space was required for the new Vine. We do 
not comprehend the condition of the bunch of which you complain ; perhaps 
the injury resulted from a sharp current of air when the fruit was swelling. 
Pelargonium v. Geranium (Idem ).—The plants grown in gardens for 
bedding or decorative purposes under the names of Show, Fancy, or Zonal 
Geraniums are all Pelargoniums, the true Geraniums being hardy plants, several 
forming common English weeds. The true Pelargoniums are mostly natives of 
the Cape of Good Hope, and from the species originally introduced thence the 
varieties now in cultivation have been obtained, either as sports or seedling 
variations produced by crossing and hybridising. The chief botanical characters 
that distinguish Pelargoniums from Geraniums are that the former have flowers 
in the majority of cases slightly irregular—that is, the petals are not all of equal 
size, though this is not so observable in the modern type of Zonal varieties. The 
stamens in the Pelargoniums vary from four to seven, while in the Geraniums 
they are exactly double the number of petals—namely, ten, or the same number 
.—viz., five. The Pelargoniums, too, have a nectary closely united to the flower- 
stalk, which is one distinctive character, easily observed by cutting the stalk 
across just beneath the flower. The so-called Geraniums with scented leaves 
are all true Pelargoniums. 
Covert for Game (Col. A. B .).—Your land is probably stiff and good, 
hence Gorse or Whin does not succeed, as it makes growth in summer which 
does not ripen well, and is consequently injured or killed in severe winters. The 
best covert that has come under our notice was formed of small trees or shrubs 
with clumps of evergreen trees, chiefly Norway Spruce, for the roosting of 
pheasants. Some Oak trees and Hollies were carefully preserved, and the 
ground planted near them with Blackthorn and Privet, a few English Yews being 
interspersed. The Oaks and Hollies were soon taken possession of by the 
pheasants as roosts, the rank growth of Blackthorn and Privet being such that 
poachers did not care to penetrate, and was not liked by beaters, but very much 
praised by the keepers as a preserve. Plants were placed 4J feet asunder, and in 
rows the same distance apart. The Spruces and Hollies were introduced 18 feet 
apart. Between the Spruces and Hollies in their respective lines the central 
plant was English Yew, the other plants being Privet and Blackthorn, the 
covert generally being formed of Blackthorn and Privet, grouped so as to have 
a pleasing appearance, as it was the home covert, and desired to be as picturesque 
as possible. There were separate clumps of Blackthorn and Privet, also mixed 
clumps of Spruce, Holly, Yew, Blackthorn, Hazel interspersed with wild Pear, 
Crabs, Spurge Laurel, Ivy, Elder, and Dog Roses, the heps of the latter having a 
fine effect in autumn. Advantage was taken of hollow wet ground to introduce 
Birch, Alder, Dogwood, Bitter Willow, and Snovvberry. On the margin were 
planted Rhododendron ponticum, Berberis aquifolium, and B. Darwini in clumps, 
the Rhododendrons forming capital nesting places for the pheasants. White 
Thorns, Mountain Ash, Barberry, and Bramble also were introduced to form a 
covert of an ornamental character with as much berry food for the pheasants as 
practicable. In March Broom seed was sown, about 8 lbs. per acre ; Wood Millet 
Grass, 4 lbs.; and a similar quantity of coarse tufty Grasses. This covert is only 
13 statute acres in extent, but adjoins a large wood, and there is always abundant 
exercise for the sportsman. Blackthorn alone makes a capital covert; plants 
2 to 2£ feet high transplanted are the most suitable. Hazel also should be 
planted, and Privet, of which by far the best is the strong-growing evergreen 
Ligustrum ovalifslium. Plant them 4.1 feet apart. 
Specimens for Naming (IF. II. Pantry).—We have received no question 
relative to the Steplianotis nor flowers for naming to which your signature was 
attached. We have named some plants to “ W. H. W.,” whose writing resembles 
your own, but they can scarcely be from you, as we suppose you would not 
adopt two signatures. The names of the senders of flowers or fruit should 
always accompany the specimens, whether separate letters referring to them 
are sent through the post or not. We often receive three or four parcels with 
r.o names in them, and as many letters by post stating that specimens have 
been sent for naming, and if we cannot decipher the stamp of the post office 
how are we to know to which parcels the different letters refer ? 
Names of Fruit (O. B.). —We have attended to all the fruit that has been 
received except a parcel from Hereford, and some others that neither contained 
the names nor initials of the senders. (/. E.). —The name of the Pear is Broug¬ 
ham, a seedling of Mr. T. A. Knight, raised from the Swan’s Egg. (Leon). —■ 
1, Flower of Kent; 2, not known ; 3, Cox’s Orange Pippin ; 4, French Codlin ; 
5, Old Golden Pippin ; 6, Kerry Pippin. Your suggestion cannot be carried 
out, and only six varieties should be sent at the same time. (II. C. Bingley). —■ 
2, Thompson’s; 3, Beurrd Lefevre ; 6, 7, and 9, Duchesse d’Angouibme ; 6, 
Beurre Diel ; 10, Beurre Clairgeau ; 12, Catiline. We cannot name the others. 
(Dr. Francis). —1, Pitmaston Nonpareil; 2, Ord’s Apple; 3, Holbert’s Victoria ; 
4 and 5, Not known ; 6, Royal Pearmain. (D. Brown). —-1, Fondante d’Automne. 
The others are not in condition for naming, not even approaching ripeness. 
(J. E.). —1, Round Winter Nonesuch ; 2, Duchess of Oldenburg ; 3, Lady’s Finger 
of Lincolnshire; 4, Margil; 6, Sam Young; 7, Grey Leadington ; 8, Golden 
Reinette. (IF. Marshall). —1, Royal Russet; 2, Cellini; 4, Golden Winter Pear- 
main ; 5, Beauty of Kent; 7, Sops in Wine ; 9, Ilibston Pippin. Sorry we can¬ 
not name the others. 
Names of Plants (O.D .).—Menziesia polifolia alba. (II. J.). —Ceanothus 
azureus. (IF. II. IF.).—1, Eupatorium riparium ; 2, Too withered to be identi¬ 
fied ; 3, Pauicum variegatum ; 4, Selaginella Wildenovii. (T. 0. O.). —Bartsia 
odontites ; it has no marked qualities, either beneficial or injurious. (F. II.). — 
Amygdalus communis amara, the Bitter Almond ; its fruiting is not an un¬ 
common occurrence in this country. (J. T.). —1, Crataegus orientalis, the 
Eastern Thorn ; 2, Crataegus Aronia, the Aronia Thorn ; 3, Crataegus punctata, 
the Dotted-fruited Thorn ; 4, Crataegus coccinea, the Scarlet-fruited Thorn ; 5, 
Pyrus Aria, the White Beam ; G, Viburnum Lantana, the Wayfaring Tree. 
(P. iV. P„ of York). —The tree is an Amelanchier, and probably A. sanguiuea, 
but it is impossible to determine with accuracy from such a fragmentary 
specimen. 
Bees (Paddle). —You had better procure our “Bee-keeping for the Many,” 
which you can have in return for 4Jd. in postage stamps sent to the publisher. 
Mr. Pett'grew’s “ Handy Book on Bees ” would probably be useful to you. It 
is published by Blackwoods, and can be had through a bookseller. 
Making Syrup for Bees (II. M.). — You will find the particulars you re¬ 
quire in an article in our present issue. You cannot do better than follow the 
instructions on feeding that have recently appeared. The white substance 
which your bees are collecting is pollen. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET.— OCTOBER 5. 
OUR market is now assuming a steadier aspect, consignments falling off, and 
prices are likely to be harder. 
Pines in good demand. 
FRUIT. 
8. d. 
a. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d 
1 
o to a 
0 
Lemons. 
%*■ case 
L8 
I to3'l 
0 
Apricots. 
doz. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Melons . 
each 
1 
0 
2 
0 
$>• lb. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Nectarines. 
dozen 
1 
0 
6 
0 
Chestnuts. 
bushel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Oranges . 
V 100 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Currants, Black,. 
£ sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Peaches . 
dozen 
1 
0 
9 
0 
„ Ited.... 
$ sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pears,kitchen .. 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Figs. 
dozen 
0 
6 
1 
e 
dessert . 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Filberts. 
p-tb. 
0 
0 
0 
9 
Pine Apples .... 
V lb 
3 
0 
r> 
0 
Cobs. 
V lb 
0 
0 
0 
8 
Strawberries .... 
per lb. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Gooseberries .... 
i sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Walnuts . 
bushel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
r lb 
0 
6 
4 
0 
ditto . 
V 100 
0 
0 
0 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
8 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Artichokes. 
dozen 
2 
0 to 4 
0 
Mushrooms . 
pnnnet 
1 
Otol 
6 
Asparagus. 
bundle 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Mustard & Cress . 
. punnet 
0 
2 
0 
3 
Beans,Kidney ... 
V lb. 
0 
3 
0 
6 
Onions. 
bushel 
3 
6 
5 
0 
Beet, Ited. 
. dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
pickling. 
quart 
0 
0 
0 
5 
Broccoli. 
bundle 
0 
9 
1 
6 
Parsley. doz 
bunches 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Brussels Sprouts. 
J sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Parsnips. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Cabbage . 
dozen 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Peas . 
quart 
0 
9 
i 
3 
Carrots. 
bunch 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Potatoes. 
bushel 
3 
9 
4 
u 
100 
1 
6 
2 
0 
K idnev. 
bushel 
4 
0 
4 
6 
Cauliflowers. 
. dozen 
0 
0 
3 
6 
Radishes_ doz .bunches 
1 
s 
2 
0 
Celery . 
bundle 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Rhubarb. 
bundle 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Coleworts_doz. 
bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Salsafy. 
bundle 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Cucumbers. 
each 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Scorzonera . 
bundle 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Endive. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Seakale . 
basket 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Fennel. 
bunch 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Shallots. 
tb. 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Garlic . 
. V lb. 
0 
6 
0 
0 
Spinach . 
bushel 
3 
0 
0 
0 
Herbs. 
bunch 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Turnips. 
bunch o 
4 
0 
0 
Leeks. 
. bunch 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Vegetable Marrows each 
0 
0 
0 
1 
POULTRY AND PIGEON CHRONICLE. 
CONTINUOUS CORN-GROWING AND CLAY FARMING. 
(Continued from page 301.') 
In continuation of the narrative of Mr. Trout’s proceedings in 
reference to this subject we find various matters of great practical 
importance to the home farmer will appear. To show how these 
matters have been estimated by the agricultural community we 
remember that another gentleman, Mr. Middleditch, decided upon 
farming pursuits in the year 1866, who after several years of com¬ 
mercial pursuits in India was struck with the accounts of Mr. 
