574 JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. { December 22 , \m. 
—1, Nertera depressa ; 2, Chlorophytum orcbidastrum yariegatum; 3 a Canna, 
for particulars of culture see above. 
Bees in Winter (II. R .).—If you bad the stock from a successful bee¬ 
keeper he probably gave you good advice. The weight of the hive is an in¬ 
dication of this, and you had better let the zinc remain as it is. 
COTENT GARDEN MARKET.— DECEMBER 21. 
OUR market presents a different appearance to what it usually does during 
Christmas week, everything being dull with an absence of the class of stuff we 
expect at this season. Grapes are in good supply, but show signs of bad keeping, 
while Pears are nearly off the market, samples being confined to small arrivals 
of French and Californian Easters, which are selling at excessive rates. 
FRUIT. 
8. 
d. 
s. d. 
9. 
d. 
9. 
d. 
Apples. 
0to3 
6 
Lemons. 
V case 12 
0tol6 
.0 
Apricots. 
. doz. 0 
0 
0 
0 
Melons . 
each 
0 
0 
0 
0 
. ^ ft. 0 
0 
0 
0 
Nectarines. 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Chestnuts. 
. bushel 16 
0 
0 
0 
Oranges . 
¥• 100 
4 
0 
6 
0 
Currants, Black 
. * sieve o 
0 
0 
0 
Peaches . 
dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
„ Red.. 
4 sieve 0 
0 
0 
0 
Pears,kitchen .. 
dozen 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Figs. 
. dozen 0 
0 
0 
e 
dessert . 
dozen 
1 
0 
3 
0 
Filberts. 
%>ft. 0 
0 
0 
0 
Pine Apples .... 
V ft 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Cobs. 
. ^ 100 ft. 75 
0 
0 
0 
Strawberries .... 
per ft. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Gooseberries .. 
. i sieve 0 
0 
0 
0 
Walnuts . 
bushel 
7 
0 
8 
0 
Grapes . 
. V ft 0 
6 
4 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
8. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
9. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Artichokes. dozen 2 0to4 0 
Asparagus. bundle 0 0 0 0 
Beans,Kidney .... IP' 100 1 0 0 0 
Beet, Red. dozen 10 2 0 
Broccoli. bundle 0 9 16 
Brussels Sprouts.. J sieve 2 0 2 6 
Cabbage. dozen 0 6 10 
Carrots. bunch 0 4 0 6 
Capsicums. 100 1 6 2 0 
Cauliflowers. dozen 10 3 6 
Celery . bundle 16 2 0 
Coleworts_doz. bunches 2 0 4 0 
Cucumbers. each 0 6 0 8 
Endive. dozen 10 2 0 
Fennel. bunch 0 3 0 0 
Garlic . %>ft. 0 6 0 0 
Herbs. bunch o 2 0 0 
Leeks. bunch 0 3 0 4 
Mushrooms .punnet 1 0 to 1 6 
Mustard* Cress ..punnet 0 2 0 3 
Onions. bushel 3 6 0 0 
pickling. quart 0 0 0 5 
Parsley. doz.bunches 3 0 4 0 
Parsnips. dozen 10 2 0 
Potatoes. bushel 2 6 3 0 
Kidney. bushel 3 0 3 6 
Radishes.... doz .bunches 10 0 0 
Rhubarb. bundle 0 4 0 6 
Salsafy. bundle 10 0 0 
Scorzonera . bundle 16 o o 
Seakale . basket 2 0 2 3 
Shallots. iP-tb. 0 3 0 0 
Spinach . bushel 3 0 0 0 
Tomatoes . IP lb. 0 8 1 0 
Turnips. bunch 0 4 0 0 
Vegetable Marrows each 0 0 0 0 
POULTRY AND PIGEON CHRONICLE. 
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY. 
( Continued from page 552.) 
The next point to be considered is between the use of carts 
or waggons for the various works on the farm, at least as the 
advocates of each state their opinions and experience. Having, 
however, given the most practical and useful observations of those 
farmers who prefer carts, let us now hear what those who use 
waggons in preference have to say. It is stated in their favour 
that light two-horse waggons are preferable to one-horse carts, but 
more especially upon hilly land or on the strong soils where small 
ridges and deep water furrows prevail, as the loads are not so 
liable to fall off at harvest or hay time in very dry weather; 
and that tying the load is more effective than with carts. The 
light waggons most approved in the southern and south-western 
counties are those made in Dorset, Wilts, and Gloucestershire ; 
for, in fact, some of the makers in these districts offer us a light 
waggon adapted for one horse capable of carrying a ton and a 
half burden, and by the same style and pattern others capable 
of carrying a load varying up to three tons, the difference only, 
or chiefly, being the width of the wheel tire. These for the most 
part have wheels so high in front that they do not turn as re¬ 
quired ; but the waggons for one or two horses as furnished by 
the Bristol Waggon Works Company are made so that the front 
wheels will lock under the body, and can then be turned in its 
own length. These are furnished at a moderate price, and will 
carry a load up to four tons with wheels of wide tire in propor¬ 
tion, the horse power being regulated of course by the weight to 
be drawn. 
We shall now give our opinions upon the subject, and endeavour 
to recommend to the home farmer, as well as the implement 
makers, what style of waggons and carts we think most likely to 
meet the general requirements for work on the home farm, and at 
the same time to be adapted for use in connection with all the 
improvements which have lately been obtained by steam power 
in our labour-saving machinery. The latest improvements in 
waggons have somewhat altered our opinion, although we have 
contended for many years that single horse carts or frames for 
harvest hay-carting were the most economical. They are on 
some farms, but for general purposes, such as use on hilly land, 
in water meadows, and on arable land with small ridges and deep 
furrows, as also in carting corn and other merchandise on the 
high roads, we think one or two-horse waggons are the best and 
safest, although the first investment or purchase would be rather 
greater than for carts. There is, however, one qualification we 
must make in the advocacy of any observations connected with 
this subject, that we now as ever have always recommended the 
use only of horses standing not less than 16^- to 17 hands high, 
with weight and activity in proportion ; in which case we expect, 
under ordinary farm work either on the field or high road, each 
animal to be master of a load of from 25 to 30 cwts., and under 
these circumstances the use of waggons adapted for one or two 
horses are to be preferred to carts. For ordinary animals, how¬ 
ever, only capable of drawing about 20 cwt. loads, the Scotch 
harvest frames we think best. It must be quite understood that 
we recommend two sets of implements, for, whether waggons or 
carts are preferred, those tipping carts fitted for carting dung, 
chalk, &c., must also form an important and indispensable part 
of the farmer’s stock of implements in preference to the use of 
carts for all purposes with convertible apparatus of ladders. 
We must ask the implement makers to consider the subject of 
certain reforms in the farm implements in our opinion rendered 
necessary in connection with steam power and machinery. The 
first point is that nearly all the work which was formerly over¬ 
handed, such as unloading corn and hay at the stack, and was 
the severest manual labour done on the farm ; but since the in¬ 
troduction and use of the elevator in raising the hay and corn to 
the rick underhand labour is only required of the men by casting 
it into the elevator, in consequence there is no advantage in 
having carts and waggons made high in order to assist or diminish 
the labour of unloading. Implement makers should, therefore, 
consider how much the carts and waggons can be lowered in their 
build without adding to the draught to an appreciable extent, and 
thus favour the labour of loading. It may be also asked how far 
the tipping carts for manure, chalk, and heavy substances can be 
lowered so as to facilitate the work of loading and yet to main¬ 
tain the power of tipping unimpaired ; for it seems to us that 
the crank axle is worth attention in connection with the improve¬ 
ment of dung carts without interfering with the advantage of 
tipping, which is of course indispensable. Again, in the case of 
harvest frames it is worth consideration how far these can be 
lowered without disadvantage in order to save labour in loading. 
We consider those changes which are now coming largely into 
operation, such as tying the crops into sheaves by the improved 
sheaf-binding harvesters, is greatly in favour of harvest frames; 
for if no corn is carted to the stack in loose condition the load 
would require no tyiDg, especially if the frames, waggons, or 
carts were made as low as possible. We think that any of the 
harvest frames we have noticed, either offered by the Bristol 
Company or other makers, may be lowered with benefit, even if 
it necessitated bent shafts. 
Before quitting the subject of carts we must notice that light 
spring milk carts are becoming of more importance as the supply 
of milk is continually on the increase. The Bristol Company 
offer light vans and milk carts, but we think that they are each 
set up too high. More in accordance, however, with the require¬ 
ments for the transit and delivery of milk is the spring milk cart 
exhibited at the Derby meeting of the Royal Agricultural So¬ 
ciety, and made by Messrs. Yipan & Headley of Leicester. It 
appears a well-made and practical cart either for delivering milk 
in a town or for conveying railway cans to and from the farm to 
railway stations. In its make we notice a cranked axle secures 
a low body, of great importance in saving labour, and strong 
springs prevent undue jolting. For carrying cans to the railway 
four cans holding twenty gallons can be carried easily, and probably 
six if required. For milk-selling in towns a removeable frame¬ 
work allows of two swinging cans being carried, from which the 
milk is drawn through taps. For filling the delivery cans the 
shafts can be raised, thus bringing the cans to the proper level, 
