12G 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
[ AnguBt 7» 1884. 
W. Evans was first in the class for one dish of Cherries. Some very fine 
fruit was staged in the class for six dishes of fruit, and Mr. J. Lambert was 
deservedly placed first. The prize cards not being placed we are unable to 
name the second and third prizewinners. 
In the class for the best arranged basket of miscellaneous fruit two col¬ 
lections were staged, Mr. W. Mease being placed first with a very effective and 
handsomely arranged basket, which at once told with the Judges, while the 
exhibit of Mr. Elswortby contained perhaps better fruit. 
VEGETABLES. 
The schedule provided eleven classes for vegetables, and the prizes were 
well contested for, and the exhibits generally being of the best quality. In 
the open c'ass for a collection of twelve dishes there were only two exhi¬ 
bitors. Mr. T. Almond, market gardener, Maghull, took the lead with neat 
well-grown examples of Telegraph Peas, Tripoli Onions, International 
Kidney Potatoes, Canadian Wonder Beans, Champion Horn Carrot, Con¬ 
queror Tomato, and a good dish of Mushrooms. The other collection welt 
deserved the second prize, which it won, but no name was placed upon the 
prize card. 
In the amateurs’ class for the same number of dishes seven collections 
were staged, the whole being most creditable to the exhibitors. Mr. J. 
Lambert, gardener to Col. Wingfield, Salop, gained the premier position 
with grand dishes of Can.adian Wonder Beans, Snowball Turnips, Pine Apple 
Beet, very fine; Musselburgh Leeks, good; Tripoli Onions, clear, well 
grown ; intermediate Carrots, Beauty of Hebron Potatoes, Culverwell’s 
G-iant Marrow Peas, a fine brace of Telegraph Cucumbers, and very good 
Celery, the variety being Major Clark’s Solid Red. Mr. J. Staneyer was 
second, having the same variety of Cucumber, Globe Artichokes, Duke of 
Albany Peas, Negro Longpod Beans, International Kidney Potatoes, 
Egyptian Turnip-rooted Beet, and a good dish of Tomatoes. Mr. A. R. Cox 
was awarded the remaining prize, having good Stratagem Peas, Tripoli 
Onions, and Reading Russet Potatoes. For six dishes several collections 
were staged. Mr. J. Lowndes, gardener to S. S. Parker, Esq., Sudley Road, 
Aigburth, was placed first with good Mushrooms, Tomatoes, and Telegraph 
Peas ; Mr. E. Thrupp, gardener to H. J. Walmsley, Esq., Westwood House, 
Wigan, second ; and Mr. J. Bennett third. 
For six dishes of Peas five collections were staged, Mr. W. Mease being 
placed first with Pride of the Market, Evolution, Telephone, Telegraph, 
Stratagem, and Giant Marrow. Mr. J. Lambert staged Laxton’s Supreme, 
Webb’s Surprise, and other varieties as above mentioned, and was awarded 
the second award. Mr. J. Staneyer third with similar kinds. For three 
dishes Mr. E. Edmonds took the lead with Hallamshire Hero, Duke of 
Albany, and Telegraph. Messrs. A. R. Cox and T. Ellsworthy second and 
third respectively in the order named. For two dishes the prizewinners 
were Messrs. R Cubbon, A. Johnson, and G. Park, gardener to F. Ffarring- 
ton. Esq., Mareboiine, Wigan. 
Potatoes were well represented by clean shapely specimens. For a 
coUection of six nearly fifty dishes were staged. Mr. J. Lambert was again 
successful with splendid examples of Welford Park, Suttons’ Magnet, 
Covent Garden Perfection, Vicar of Laleham, Porter’s Excelsior, and 
Beauty of Kent. Mr. Mease was second with Holborn Favourite, School¬ 
master, Reading Eussett, Myatt’s Prolific, Woodstock Kidney, and Inter¬ 
national Kidney. Mr. T. Ebbott won the remaining prize with smaller 
examples. For four dishes the successful exhibitors were Messrs. F. Harvey, 
Bromborough Pool; Mr. C. Ford, gardener to T. B. Forward, Esq. ; and 
E. Haymanns. Tomatoes were good. For three dishes Mr. G. Condon, 
gardener to W. Chambers, Esq., The Grange, Wallesley, was first with 
Dedham Favourite, Conqueror, and Stamfordian. Mr. C. Finnigan second, 
haying good examples of Dr. Livingstone and Stamfordian. Mr. J. Wallis 
third. Mr. J. Lambert staged three dishes of the largest fruit we have 
ever seen exhibited, and would have been placed first, but the Judges 
considered two of the dishes were not dissimilar, six collections being 
staged. For one dish the prizewinners were Messrs. E. Ball, Heathfield, 
G. Condon, and J. Barker. Mr. J. Lambert secured the first prize for a 
brace of Cucumbers, and the grand examples staged justified the award. 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
There was a considerable display of horticultural structures, boilers, 
garden seats, summer houses, unique flower boxes, and general appliances 
by Messrs. John Webster, Joseph Bramham, Knight Brothers, Bethell and 
Sons, and Foster & Pearson, the latter having, besides their frames, the 
new horizontal tubular Chilwell boiler, similar in appearance to the Eock- 
fords, but with a different circulation of water and quicker heating. Most 
or all the above exhibitors were awarded certificates for the excellence of 
their productions. 
THE INSECT ENEMIES OF OUR GARDEN CROPS. 
THE PEAR. 
^Concluded from page S.) 
In our remarks upon those insects that attack the trunk or branches 
of the Pear, the goat moth (Zyleutes ccssus) was not mentioned ; it 
may be found in most lists of destructive species, and is described 
as a general enemy of fruit trees. I am not prepared to say that it 
never occurs upon the Pear, but have not yet noticed an instance ; it 
appears to single out the Apple and Plum sometimes, though on the 
whole more partial to trees that are not fruit-producers, such as the 
Elm, Poplar, and Willow. Of the larger caterpillars that feed upon 
the leaves of the Pear a familiar instance is that of the brindled 
beauty moth (Biston hirtaria, fig. 23), which I have seen in profusion 
upon trees in the vicinity of London ; and as all the moths of a brood 
commonly emerge about the same day, a score or two may be noticed 
clusteiing on the trunk of a Pear (they are also abundant upon the 
suburban Elms that yet remain), and as they are sluggish their capture 
is an easy affair. The bodies of the moths are rather hairy, rendering 
the.u better able lo stand the cold of our English spring, for April is 
the month when they appear. All the wings are smoky-brown, 
sprinkled with dots of jmllowish brown, the fore wings having six 
irregular narrow black bands, and upon the hind wings are three 
waved black lines. The caterpillar feeds during June and July; it 
is a “ looper,” and conspicuously coloured. The ground colour is of 
two shades—a dingy purple brown and a red brown, these run in 
alternate stripes from head to tail, divided from each other by black 
lines ; also, there are some yellow spots on the sides, and a ring of 
that colour behind the head. When adult, they enter the earth for 
the winter. As these caterpillars, while they are young, are mostly 
to be found feeding in the lower branches, they may be shaken or 
picked off. 
The large, pale yellow swallow-tailed moth (Uropteryx sambu- 
cata), which flits, ghost-like, about gardens on a summer’s even, has 
its Latin name from the Elder, which often furnishes food to the 
caterpillar ; but it also occurs upon fruit trees, and I have noticed it 
in the Pear, though, being only a casual visitor thereto, it cannot 
be accounted an injurious species. Its shape and hue are very 
deceptive, and on the tree it might be passed over as a bit of 
twig when motionless ; after feeding a short time in the autumn it 
hyberuates, and completes its growth in May. A much smaller insect 
of the same group, which now and then seeks the Pear, has a 
caterpillar that is apt to feed in parties, and their voracity makes 
up for their want of bulk. Fortunately, however, their preference is 
for Hornbeam and Whitethorn. The caterpillar of the mottled 
umber moth (Hyhernia defoliaria) occurs during May and June ; it is 
a smooth-bodied “ looper,” brown and grey above, yellow beneath, 
with a large brown head. As on any alarm it is their habit to drop 
from the leaves by a thread, these caterpillars may be shaken off 
branches without using much force. Another plan, important as a 
preventive, is to stop the female moths depositing their eggs ; they, 
being wingless, crawl up the trunks at the end of autumn, when they 
Fig. 23.—Biston hirtaria. Fig. 24.—Tortrix angnstiorana. 
leave the chrysalis. If the tree near its foot is surrounded by a band 
of birdlime or of tar it entangles the moths, or keeps them from 
travelling higher ; and should eggs be laid low down, the newlj'’ 
hatched caterpillars are not likely to reach the leaf buds. It is yet 
more important to try this remedy where Pears, as sometimes 
happens, have been infested by the greenish-brown, half-transparent 
caterpillars of the winter moth (Cheimatobia brumata), which appear 
each season upon fruit trees, and their unpleasantness is aggravated 
by the webs they spread from twig to twig. Some years ago an 
alarm was caused by this species swarming upon Pears in the Here¬ 
fordshire orchards, but the insect shows usually more liking for the 
Plum and Filbert. 
Two or three other caterpillars of varying size should be men. 
lioned that are in books upon fruit trees named as occurring upon the 
Pear, though not foes of any importance. There is the brown tail 
(Liparis chrysorrhsea), which, in European countries, does apperr to 
be the cause of considerable loss to fruit-growers during some years. 
It is not, at least not now, sufficiently abundant with us to do harm, 
and it is seldom found feeding upon anything except the Whitethorn 
and the Sloe. As these caterpillars reside upon trees in colonies of 
one or two hundred each, they may be well supposed capable of 
effecting much mischief should their nests be left undisturbed. 
These, if they did occur amongst our Pears, would be more conspicuous 
than the nests of the caterpillar of the little ermine (Yponomeuta 
padella), an insect we have described in connection with the Cherry, 
but which I have seen upon the Pear, and which may be treated 
successfully by “ peppering ” their webs with some destroyer, such as 
powdered hellebore ; but this should be done early in the season. 
Towards the end of the summer the gardener in glancing at a bough 
of a Pear tree is occasionally surprised to perceive a party of small 
shining brown caterpillars closely packed upon a leaf. These are 
young individuals of the species called the gothic (Neenia typica), and 
the singular part of their history is, that though the parent places 
the eggs in patches upon trees, after feeding on these for two or three 
weeks they crawl down and finish their career upon low-growing 
plants. 
In the group of small moths we find that several species are active 
enemies of the Pear, and of these we name Tortrix, or Peedisca 
angustiorana, an insect which does not seem to have a distinctive 
