DENTAL INDICATIONS OF THE AGE OF A HORSE. 213 
rnto two portions, the exterior or casing enamel, and the 
other, the interior, which envelopes the funnel. The enamel 
being harder, and offering more resistance than the bony 
substance that surrounds it on all sides, the central enamel 
presents a slight prominence, and takes on different forms 
in proportion as the funnel becomes destroyed and con¬ 
tracted. 
As we have stated, the horse has forty teeth ; namely, six 
incisor, or cutting teeth, in both jaws, (see plate iii. fig. 2, 
J, b;) two tushes, or canines, in each jaw, a, a; and six 
molars, or grinders, in both jaws, h, h. There is a consider¬ 
able vacant space between the incisors and tushes, as also 
between the tushes and grinders, as will be seen by the 
figure referred to. These teeth are inserted into sockets, 
consisting of a spongy, bony substance, called the alveolar 
process, which forms the edge of the maxillary bones. All 
the teeth are first germinated in the interior of the maxil¬ 
lary bones; and having acquired a certain size, and the 
exterior table of their sockets having been dissipated by 
absorption, they push out above the gums. Those which 
appear shortly after birth are called sucking, or temporary 
teeth ; these consist of incisors and the three first grinders. 
The formation and appearance of the others are later, and 
are called the permanent teeth ; and those which succeed 
the temporary are called the replacers, or horse-teeth. 
DENTAL INDICATIONS OF THE AGE OF A HORSE. 
Nothing can more clearly indicate a proof of design than 
the beautiful contrivance in the formation of the grinders 
of the horse for the purposes required. They are, like the 
cutting teeth, covered on the sides with enamel, but not on 
the top, though several portions of enamel enter into their 
substance in their internal structure. They are subjected 
