DENTAL INDICATIONS OF THE AGE OF A HORSE. 231 
nand the First, that had attained the age of seventy years. 
This is the oldest horse mentioned by any author as far as 
I know : so that in all probability Old Billy is the Parr of 
horses. 
The incisor tooth of a horse, divided into two parts its 
whole length, fig. 12, and which exhibits the external cavity, 
a. and the internal cavity, b. 
The incisory tooth of a young horse, with an opening at 
the middle of the anterior surface, leaving exposed the 
lower portion of the funnel, fig. 11, a. 
The incisory tooth of a young horse, divided throughout, 
fig. 9, a, shows the exterior cavity, and b , the extremity of 
the funnel. 
Independently of the teeth, there are other signs by 
which an aged horse is known ; first, the temporal fossa or 
pits above the eyes become much sunk, grey hairs are also 
seen above the eyes and about the muzzle, the lips being 
thin and hanging, the back sinks, the withers become sharp, 
the quarters lengthened, spavin, windgalls, and all kinds of 
tumours disappear, and for the most part, the animal has a 
dull and heavy appearance, with hanging of the head. 
Yarious are the tricks resorted to by dealers to impose 
upon the uninitiated. They endeavour by fraudulent means 
to make them appear most near the age at which they are of 
the greatest value, and when they can of course obtain the 
highest price for them. If too young, they endeavour to 
make them seem older, and on the contrary, if too old, 
they try to give them a youthful appearance. Besides what 
we have mentioned at page 218, there is a practice amongst 
dishonest dealers to prolong the youthful marks of the teeth 
of a horse by what has been designated Bishoping, after the 
infamous inventor of this fraud. This trick is to imitate 
the appearance of the mark. A horse of eight or nine 
