234 
MANUAL OF MODERN FARRIERY. 
stand night and day. The cause of this is, that the breathing 
is laborious and painful, and the animal in standing obtains 
the aid of this muscle in giving ease to the respiration. 
Therefore, when he does lie down, it is a pretty strong proof 
that the violence of the disease has abated, and conse¬ 
quently he no longer requires the assistance of this 
muscle. 
e , /. These parts represent portions of the trapezius muscle, which 
is of a quadrangular form, and rises from the sides of the 
withers. Its base is turned upwards, and its right side for¬ 
wards in a parallel line with the spine of the scapula or 
shoulder-blade. It occupies the space between the withers 
and upper part of the scapula, and is large and strong in pro¬ 
portion to the height of the withers, and the oblique direction 
or slanting of the shoulder. Its use is to elevate the scapula, 
as well as to draw it backward. This muscle is one of the 
most important as connected with the action of the horse, and 
prominently illustrative of the advantage of high withers and 
a slanting shoulder. We have represented a portion of it 
turned back to exhibit the muscles beneath. 
g, Is the little pectoral or breast-muscle; it is connected with 
both the breast and shoulder-blade. It takes its rise from the 
breast-bone, and extends to the covering of the shoulder-joint, 
and to the muscle of the shoulder. It lies below the greater 
breast-muscle. Inwardly it is attached to the anterior half of 
the breast-bone, and to the cartilages of the first four ribs. 
Tts action is common with that of the larger breast-muscle, 
(pectoralis major,) and to assist it in drawing back the top of 
the lower bone of the shoulder and the lower part of the 
scapula, as well as to keep the latter bone more upright in its 
position. 
h. The antea spinatus muscle, or muscle before the spine, is 
placed on the external part of the shoulder, before the ridge 
of the shoulder-blade, and fills the whole of that space. It 
proceeds downwards, dividing into two parts, each of which is 
attached to the summits of the greater and lesser tubercles 
of the humerus, or bone of the arm, and also to the capsular 
ligament of the shoulder-joint. It is a muscle of great strength, 
