350 
MANUAL OF MODERN FARRIERY. 
must be taught to know the effect of the whip and spur, 
but their uses must be administered with much caution ; 
and only showing him that we have the power of enforcing 
submission. 
If a young horse refuses to allow the bit to be placed in 
his mouth, it must not be attempted to accomplish it by 
force, because this will only redouble the resistance. Coax¬ 
ing and gentle trials day after day will be the quickest 
means of accomplishing the object. When it has been 
effected, then kindness should be shown him, and caresses 
used. A head-stall is now put on him, and a cavesson is 
then affixed to it, with long reins. The cavesson is an 
apparatus intended to confine and pinch the nose ; but this 
being a powerful and severe instrument, it should be used 
gently. Instances have been known of the bones and 
gristle of the nose becoming diseased from harshly pulling 
the cavesson. He must first be taught to obey the action 
of the rein, and after he has become obedient to it, he must 
next be led round a ring on soft ground. To the cavesson 
is attached a small rope or cord, which is held by the 
breaker, and the colt is first led round the circle at 
a walk. When he has acquired his paces, and become 
obedient to this action, he should then be trotted round 
the circle, but at an easy rate, and only for a short time at 
once. When stopped, he should be caressed. He should 
be accustomed to go both to the right and left If any 
circumstance occurs which may frighten a young horse, 
and he refuses to proceed in consequence, another horse 
ought to be led on before him, and he is almost certain 
to follow. At first the circles should be large, and gradu¬ 
ally diminished ; because small ones are apt to produce 
giddiness and too much fatigue at first. In performing 
those revolutions, he should be frequently stopped by the 
