466 
MANUAL OF MODERN *ARRIERY. 
such an extent in the former as in horses, particularly in 
milch-cows. Many of the medicines of which their drinks 
or drenches are composed are quite inert, some are nearly 
so, and others are very nasty/’ 
Black cattle, sheep, and goats are included in a distinct 
order, called ruminants, or those animals which chew the 
cud. They have three kinds of teeth ; and are destitute 
of the incisory or cutting teeth in the upper jaw, but are 
furnished with eight in the lower one, which are opposed to 
callosity in the upper gums. There are twelve grinders in 
each jaw, marked with two double crescents of enamel on 
their crowns, of which the convexity is outwards in the 
lower, and internal in the upper jaw. They have four 
stomachs, calculated for ruminating, or the faculty of mas¬ 
ticating their food a second time, by bringing it back to 
the mouth after a deglutition, a faculty depending upon 
the structure of their stomachs. The three first stomachs 
are so disposed that the food may enter into either of 
them, the oesophagus terminating at the point of communi¬ 
cation. 
The first, and greatly the largest, is called the paunch 
and occupies a considerable portion of the abdominav 
cavity. In this bag the food is macerated after very slight 
mastication; it is divided externally into two saccular por¬ 
tions. It is in this cavity that all these morbid concretions 
are formed, called hairy balls, &c. (See plate xiii, fig. 4, a.) 
The second stomach, b, is called the honeycomb-bag, or 
king’s hood, in consequence of its parietes being laminated 
like a honeycomb. It is much smaller than the first, and 
of a globular form. Its office is to seize, moisten, and com¬ 
press the food into little pellets, which afterwards succes¬ 
sively ascend to the mouth to be re-chewed. The animal 
remains at rest during this operation, which lasts until all 
