p- • - • ■ — 
August 31,1882. ] JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
complaints, but probably if I did not first enclose the fruit in tissue 
paper the case would be different. If Messrs. Rivers employed 
paper I shall have to test my present method, or at all events make 
inquiries of those who eat fruit.—W. I. M. 
MANURE USED AT LONGLEAT. 
No doubt Mr. Taylor has been harrassed with the criticisms 
which his valuable treatise on the culture of the Vise has pro¬ 
duced. He “ has written a book,” and must take the conse¬ 
quences ; but I hope and believe that the pleasures which he will 
derive from his useful work will greatly exceed the annoyances 
which it will entail. He must pardon me, nevertheless, if I recall 
to his remembrance the words with which “ Single-handed ” 
finished his first remarks on this treatise at page 73, No. 1765, of 
the Journal of Horticulture. “In conclusion,” he writes, “let 
me hope that Mr. Taylor will not be treated as he has treated 
other writers. He has, he says, never read any treatise on Vine 
culture, and laid down the only book he ever took up on the subject 
whenever he found that he could not agree to all that was in it. 
Of all Mr. Taylor’s mistakes this was the greatest. . . Had he 
taken to heart the good advice which is given to him in this pas¬ 
sage I am inclined to think that his remarks concerning my 
quotations and my implicit belief in chemists might have been 
suppressed. 
I can assure Mr. Taylor that, at all events, I have no doubt that 
the high opinion which his brother horticulturists have expressed 
of bis labour (as well as Dr. Voelcker’s view of the feeble nature 
of earth-closet manure) “is substantially correct,” and that I have 
every faith in the statement that “ a similar example of culture ” 
as that at Longleat “ has not been attained at the same time in 
the Queen’s dominions.” But all this may be the case, and yet 
Mr. Taylor may be attributing to a manure that which is rather 
due to his skill in managing growth. He once changed his 
opinion as to the character of the soil he was dealing with, at 
another time he thought that he could grow his Vines without 
lime as well as he could with it, and on the 25th June last he 
gave us the highest testimony on the value of Standen’s manure, 
which he now—after no greater interval than two months—recalls, 
and, as I venture to think, without sufficient proof that the charac¬ 
ter of the manure is no longer what it was. Now in all these 
cases he must have thought, when holding such confessedly 
erroneous opinions, that they were “based on something more 
than theory ; ” and supposing a chemist’s analysis should show 
that he is right in his view that there has been a falling-off in the 
quality of Standen’s manure, would it be “madness ” on my part, 
as the manure “ has proved practically to be of the greatest pos¬ 
sible value, to throw it aside simply because a professor, however 
eminent, cannot find the fertilising ingredients in it,” though 
backed up by the concurrent testimony of Mr. Taylor ? Tet this 
is the attitude of things, in my mind, as respects the efficacy of 
earth-closet manure. 
Like Mr. Taylor, I have often “ wondered why the earth-closet 
system has not been adopted to a greater extent,” but I confess 
that it had not occurred to me as an explanation that “ chemists 
are responsible for it.” I had thought that chemists had merely 
conclusively demonstrated, by showing that they could find but a 
small quantity of fertilising ingredients in it, that the conclusions 
already arrived at by farmers were based on grounds which could 
no longer be disputed ; and I for one must, until Mr. Taylor can 
show me a reason to change my opinion, continue to hold that 
this admirable invention from a sanatory point of view does not, 
when properly carried out, supply a manure which will bear 
carriage, though it may be used with great advantage by gentle¬ 
men having large establishments with garden ground adjoining, 
or by the cottager ; or, again, though it is an admirable system 
both from the sanatorial and manurial point of view for work- 
houses, reformatories, and prisons with gardens attached to them. 
In conclusion, I would commend Dr. Voelcker’s careful and 
conscientious paper on earth-closet manure to Mr. Taylor’s earnest 
perusal. He will then learn that Dr. Voelcker’s views are sup¬ 
ported not only by the testimony of Dr. Gilbert, but by the 
opinion of that eminent agriculturist Sir J. B. Lawes, as well as 
by common sense ; and he will, I trust, see that his acknowledged 
skill in Vine culture will not be seriously affected by his finding 
that his Vines, after all, have owed more to Mr. Standen’s manures 
than he is now prepared to acknowledge.— Inquirer. 
A Year’s Tree-planting in Great Britain.— Those who 
regard with dismay the cutting-down of trees, and believe that the 
area of woodland in this country is gradually disappearing, may take 
comfort from some of the figures stated in the return we publish else¬ 
where as to the prices for British timber realised during the season 
205 
1881-2. From those figures it will be seen that throughout England, 
Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, there were planted on various estates 
during the period under review no less than 3,156,826 trees ! Of 
these, 2,175,826 were planted in Scotland, 646,200 in England, 
294,800 in Ireland, and 40,000 in Wales. It is, of course, not easy to 
get absolutely complete returns, but those we give are well within 
the mark, and prove that there is at least some set-off against tree¬ 
felling and the gradual increase of bricks and mortar in these 
islands .—(Journal of Forestry.') 
ON BUDDING AND GRAFTING: or THE INFLUENCE 
OF THE STOCK UPON THE SCION AND VICE VERSA. 
[Read at a meeting of the North of Scotland Horticultural Association 
at Aberdeen on August 18th, 1882.] 
( Continued from page 174.) 
BY GRAFTING ON CERTAIN STOCKS THE HABITS OR GROWTH 
OF PLANTS ARE ALTERED. 
1. Pears grafted on the Quince do not grow so strongly and are 
more fruitful than those on the Pear stock. 
2 . Apples worked on the French Paradise stock do not grow so 
vigorously as those worked on the Doucin, and those on the Doucin 
are not nearly so strong-growing as those on the Crab or free stock. 
3. Cherries do not grow so strongly when worked on the Mahaleb 
stock as they do when grafted on the wild Cherry. These are all 
termed dwarfing stocks. 
The Acer eriocarpum is said in Loudon’s “ Horticulturist,” when 
grafted on the Sycamore, to attain double the height of those raised 
from seed. The common Lilac attains a large size when grafted on 
the Ash. 
4. Mr. Fairchild’s experiments in 1721 on grafting the Evergreen 
Oak on the common Oak, and the Cedar of Lebanon on the Larch, 
rather prove the converse, both scion and stock retaining their 
natural character. 
BY GRAFTING ON CERTAIN STOCKS WE ARE ENABLED TO GROW 
PLANTS IN UNCONGENIAL SOILS. 
1 . The Quince roots, for example, extend near the surface, and 
thus avoid a wet or cold subsoil. The Pear roots are sent down 
into the deep cold soil. For wet or moist heavy soils, therefore, it 
is found practicable to plant Pears worked on the Quince, and on 
dry shallow soils those worked on the Pear. 
2. The French Paradise Apple is also a surface-rooter, hence its 
use in damp soils is to he recommended. 
3. In strongly calcareous soils it has been found that what are 
termed the dwarfing stocks for fruit trees do not succeed. M. Du- 
hreuil of Rouen found that not the Plum but the Almond was suit¬ 
able for the Peach; not the Paradise or Doucin and Quince for 
Apples and Pears, but the Crab and wild Pear, &c. 
THE SCION INFLUENCES THE STOCK. 
The fact that the scion exerts a certain influence over the stock is 
fully more remarkable than that of the stock influencing the scion. 
It demonstrates that the scion supports the stock as much as the 
stock does the scion, and that the sap flows in every direction. The 
branches are, in fact, as necessary to support the root as the root is 
to support the branches. 
1. The French Paradise Apple in the gardens at Chiswick invari¬ 
ably dies -when about five or six years old ; but when grafted with 
other varieties of Apples this tendency to die is averted, the grafted 
trees living to indefinite periods. 
The peculiar power of the buds of variegated plants inoculating 
the stock on which they are budded has often been demonstrated. 
1 . The best-known instance is that of the variegated white Jasmine 
being budded by Mr. Anderson, of the Physic Garden at Chelsea, 
upon one branch only of a plant of Jasminum revolutum, which is 
green. Slight variegation appeared the first year, which increased 
year after year until the whole plant was variegated, although the 
branch which was first budded was cut away the second year. 
2. Mr. Noble records in the Gardeners' Chronicle, 1871, the 
grafting of a golden variegated Weeping Ash on the common Ash. 
In four different cases the stock had thrown out variegated shoots. 
3. Mr. Symes records in the Gardeners' Chronicle , 1877, the 
budding of a number of Acer Negundo -with the variegated variety. 
The variegation affected the whole of the stocks, both above and 
below the point of insertion. Twenty-seven Ash stocks budded 
with the Aucuba-leaved variety, all of which grew and looked well 
for a time, the next spring the majority fell; only three grew. 
Two-thirds of the number were more or less inoculated with the 
variegation of the Aucuba, below as well as above, where they 
were budded. 
4. Mr. Fish records in the Gardeners' Chronicle that a Purple 
Beech, grafted about 4 feet from the ground, at the base of the hole 
