284 JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. [ September 21,1882 
often advised to discontinue watering the border when the fruit is ripening, hut 
this is carried to the extreme, and there can be no doubt that moderate supplies 
are beneficial until the wood is thoroughly matured. Of course this especially 
applies to borders inside the house, as those outside usually have sufficient 
naturally at this time of year, indeed frequently too much in districts where the 
rainfall is heavy, and consequently they need protection by shutters or some 
similar contrivance. 
Roses for Buttonholes (TF. TF. 7i.).—No Roses are equal to the Teas for 
this purpose, but Moss Roses are often acceptable. Hybrid Perpetual Roses are 
too large, General Jacqueminot being perhaps the most useful, and we think 
fifty plants of it would be more profitable than one plant each of any fifty 
varieties that could be selected. Teas, however, are the most suitable, and it 
will he better for you to have a number of plants of a few varieties than a large 
number of varieties represented by one or two plants each. For roofs and walls 
grow Mardchal Niel, Gloire de Dijon, Madame Trifle, and Cheshunt Hybrid. 
Near walls and in other positions grow Niphetos and Isabella Sprunt in large 
numbers. Madame Falcot, Lamarque, Madame de St. Joseph, Mario Van Houtte, 
Safrano, Mons. Furtado, and Catherine Mermet are also suitable. Some others 
may be equally good, but we have already named too many, as those who grow 
buttonhole Roses for sale find it to their advantage to grow few varieties. A 
number of the Tea Roses should be grown under glass, the others in the open 
air, to be protected if needful during the winter months. Some of the most 
hardy of the Teas are Madame Berard, Bouquet d’Or, and Madame Bravy. Mrs. 
Bosanquet is also suitable for outdoor culture, and the white Boule de Neige 
and Baronnede Maynard afford a profusion of white flowers, but not tea-scented. 
They will succeed well in your soil on the Manetti stock. 
The Cucumber Disease (U. Potter).— The form of disease that has 
ruined your crops is, we regret to say, incurable, at least it has baffled the 
efforts of the most skilled gardeners and best Cucumber growers who have 
attempted its extermination. You appear to have done all in your power to 
save your plants and crops, and we can only suggest that you cease attempting 
to grow Cucumbers in the house for two years, and endeavour to produce a 
supply in frames or hotbeds. We have known cases where it was impossible 
to grow Cucumbers in a disease-stricken house while the plants in frames 
flourished, but this is not always the case. The only practical mode of main¬ 
taining a supply of fruit where the disease exists is to keep on constantly 
raising young plants, and let each, if they will, bear two or three fruits before 
the disease developes into a virulent form. If you would like to read much that 
has been published on this form of disease you will find it in vol. xx. of the 
Journal; if you do not possess this volume the following numbers, which can 
be had from the publisher in return for 3Jd. each, will answer your require¬ 
ments—524, 526, 529, 530, 532, 534, and 536. No. 720 contains illustrations of 
the Cucumber-root disease, which will afford you instruction. 
Covering Vine Borders (J. A.). —The outside border of the house, 
started on the 1st of Decomber, should at once have shutters placed on, especi¬ 
ally as they are of glass, which will prevent the soil being soaked aud cooled by 
the autumn rains, and retain the heat of the soil much longer. We presume the 
Vines, now' that the w'ood is ripe and the leaves down, have been pruned ; if not 
it should be attended to at once, so as to allow the Vines to have a season of 
rest before starting. The other Vines that are not ripening the wood well 
would be benefited by a little fire heat by day with free ventilation, turning 
the heat off at night, and maintaining a dry condition of the atmosphere. Keep 
the laterals closely stopped. The shutters may now be placed on the borders, 
which will aid the ripening of the u'ood by preventing the border being saturated 
by heavy rains. Too much bone dust would affect the Vines injuriously by 
inducing too vigorous a growth, but it is more likely the border is too wet and 
cold. If by “muffled” you mean that you employed some substance on the 
glass that would shade or break the force of the sun’s rays, that would certainly 
affect the Vines injuriously, as too much light cannot be afforded them, except 
when the sun is very powerful. 
Skeletonising Leaves (At.). —Nearly all leaves may be skeletonised, but 
some require a longer time than others to become macerated. For instance, the 
seed vessels of the Winter Cherry, Henbane, and Poppy require a fortnight or 
three weeks if the weather be hot. Leaves of Ficus elastica (Indiarubber Plant) 
and Magnolia grandiflora require several months; leaves of the Tulip Tree, 
Poplar, and Maple a fortnight; leaves of the Holly and Ivy two or three weeks. 
Ferns require a long time, and so do the leaves of Beggars’ Broom, Butchers’ 
Broom, the Orange, Lemon, and Camellia. Great care must be taken in choos - 
ing the leaves, as the smallest speck spoils one. Many more should be placed in 
the water than are needed, as not more than one in twenty will be perfect. 
The time required depends on the weather. Beginners examine them too soon. 
The leaves should be put into soft water in a suuny situation, taking care that 
they are' covered with water. Evergreen leaves may be skeletonised at any 
time, but deciduous leaves not before the end of June or beginning of July. 
Seed vessels must be operated upon when nearly ripe. When quite ready for 
skeletonising put the leaves into boiling water to remove the offensive smell. 
Remove the scum from the water. Brush off the pulp with a rather hard brush. 
If the leaves are tender bump them gently, which removes the pulp without 
disturbing the nerves of the leaves. Pour clean water over them until quite 
clean ; put them on blotting paper to dry—a piece of glass is useful to brush 
them on. Tender leaves should be floated in water and caught on a card, as are 
fine Seaweeds. Bleach with chloride of lime and then wash them thoroughly 
with clean water, otherwise they become yellow. It is better not to bleach 
them until required for setting up. Thistles and Teazels look well when bleached 
aud aid much in arranging a group. 
Flower Beds, Westminster (TF. B. II.). —We have applied to the 
Superintendent who has charge of the flower gardens in Palace Yard, West¬ 
minster, and are informed that they were laid out fifteen or sixteen years ago, 
and that he does not know by whom the beds were designed. 
Names of Fruits.— Several parcels of fruits have been received, but 
all of them being still unripe an examination of them is postponed for the 
present 
Names of Plants (O.O. S .).—The specimens sent are quite insufficient 
for identification. (H. if.).— -The fungi sent are true Mushrooms—Agaricus 
campestris. (IF. R). —1, Asplenium viviparum ; 2, Adiantum assimile; 3, 
Blechnum brasiliense ; 4, Cheilanthes elegans. (N.S.). —l.Rudbeckia Neumanni; 
2, Dahlia Paragon ; 3, Dahlia glabrata. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET.—SEPTEMBER 20th. 
PRICES without alteration generally, Kent Cobs only excepted, which have 
been selling freely at a good advance. All other goods firm. 
FRUIT. 
s. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
Apples. 
i sieve 
2 
0 to 7 
0 
Lemons. 
23 
nto30 
0 
Apricots. 
doz. 
i 
u 
l 
6 
Melons. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Cherries. 
i sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Nectarines.. 
2 
0 
10 
0 
Chestnuts. 
bushel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Oranges .... 
.... 100 
6 
0 
10 
o 
Currants, Black,. 
i sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Peaches .... 
2 
0 
10 
0 
„ Red.... 
\ sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pears,kitchen .. dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Firs. 
dozen 
0 
6 
1 
0 
dessert .... 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Filberts. 
lt>. 
0 
6 
0 
0 
Pine Apples, 
English tb. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Cobs.. 
100 tb. 50 
0 
0 
0 
Raspberries . 
lb. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Gooseberries .... 
i sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Strawberries 
lb. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Grapes . 
a. 
1 
0 
3 
0 
VEGETABLES. 
8. 
d. 
s. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
8. 
d. 
2 
0 
1 
0 1 
Asparagus. 
bundle 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Mushrooms 
1 
0 
1 
6 
Beans, Kidney.... 
100 
i 
0 
0 
0 
Mustard & Cress ..punnet 
0 
2 
0 
8 
Beet, Red. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Onions. 
0 
e 
0 
0 
Broccoli. 
bundle 
0 
9 
1 
6 
Parsley. 
doz. bundles 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Brussels Sprouts. 
i sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Parsnips .... 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Cabbage . 
dozen 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Peas . 
0 
10 
0 
0 
Capsicums. 
100 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Potatoes .... 
0 
0 
7 
0 
Carrots . 
bunch 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Kidney.... 
6 
0 
8 
0 
Cauliflowers. 
dozen 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Radishes.... 
doz .bunches 
1 
0 
0 
6 
Celery. 
bundle 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Rhubarb .... 
0 
4 
0 
e 
Coleworts... .doz. bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Salsafy. 
1 
0 
0 
0 
Cucumbers. 
each 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Scorzonera 
1 
6 
0 
0 
Endive. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Seakale .... 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Fennel. 
bunch 
0 
3 
0 
0 
Shallots .... 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Girlie . 
lb. 
0 
6 
0 
0 
Spinach .... 
3 
0 
0 
0 
Herbs. 
bunch 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Tomatoes .. 
0 
2 
0 
6 
Leeks. 
bunch 
0 
3 
0 
4 
Turnips .... 
0 
« 
0 
0 
POULTRY AND PIGEON CHRONICLE. 
THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON CULTIVATION. 
Jn considering this subject it is our object to state as concisely 
as possible the effect of climate on the successful production of 
the plants and cereals which are chiefly cultivated ; to consider 
the agricultural practices prevailing in various districts ; also to 
point out the variations prevailing in the rotations of cropping, 
the system of cultivation and manuring of crops, which are more 
or less influenced by climate. We shall endeavour also to keep 
steadily in view those other elements often predominating over 
those of climate, and are principally concerned in arranging our 
farming rotations. 
It will be found in all parts of the kingdom that the demand 
for certain crops, together with ample supplies of manure, render 
farming systems very much alike in the immediate neighbourhood 
of large towns and railway stations. But it is principally in the 
inland districts where the features of distinct systems are the most 
noticeable and more generally adhered to. We usually find that 
those crops which are most cultivated are the most suitable to the 
soil and climate. Still there are many exceptions to this practice, 
owing to what may be termed the economy and frequently the 
necessities of cropping. For instance, Turnips are well known to 
thrive best in the cooler climates of the kingdom and where the 
rainfall is more persistent. As it is found the climate of Scotland 
and the western counties of England are more suitable for the 
growth of Turnips than Norfolk and other eastern districts. We 
have often thought it a curious circumstance that Turnip culture 
should have commenced originally in the eastern counties, and 
then become a more important produce in the north and west. 
Still it is a singular fact that in no part of Scotland is a fourth 
part of the arable land devote 1 to the culture and growth of 
Turnips as is the case in Norfolk. It is an expensive crop to cul¬ 
tivate, and when raised to such an extent as one-fourth of the 
arable land it necessitates a correspondingly greater breadth of 
the higher-priced cereals. But this is a resource which neither 
the Scotch nor the west of England farmer can resort to. Strictly 
speaking they cannot, except in the Lothians, afford to grow so 
large a breadth of Turnips as the Norfolk farmer on account of not 
