September 28 , 1882 .] JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
307 
c 
arly spring all bulbs that are grown in gardens would be useful, sucli as 
Hyacinths, Tulips, Scillas, and Crocuses, with Hepaticas and Winter Aconite 
(Eranthis hyemalis). 
Preserving Scarlet Runners (Idem).— They may be preserved by being 
placed in layers in large stone jars alternately with layers of dry salt. First 
cover the bottom with salt; then place in the pods, which must not be wet, 
about an inch thick, which just cover with salt, and continue the process until 
the jar is filled, finishing with a thick covering of salt. The beans when taken 
out should be soaked for several hours before being cooked. We have had beans 
thus preserved that were fresh, green, and of good flavour throughout the 
winter. If any of our readers know of a better plan for preserving the pods we 
will readily publish it. 
Tomatoes Diseased ( Wilherby ).—The disease which has attacked your 
plants is similar to the Potato disease. It has been extremely violent in some 
districts, and quite ruined the plants and crops. 
It is much worse in wet than in dry positions, 
and does not commonly affect plants under 
glass. There is no remedy, but the evil may 
be evaded by affording the plants the shelter 
of walls or glass. 
Gordius aquations (G. U .).—The above 
is the name of the singular creature which 
children call horsehair worms, and we suppose 
many thousands of horse haii-s have been 
placed in water by them under the erroneous 
notion that they be converted into the worms; 
hence the common name that is applied to 
them. They are found in many parts of Great 
Britain, but whether “all over” it or not w r e 
are unable to say. Their distribution, how¬ 
ever, is general, not partial merely. 
Zonal Pelargoniums (/. II.). —We per¬ 
ceive you are on the way to success, and you 
will in a short time achieve your object. Your 
plants from spring-struck cuttings, are of full 
average quality, and next season you will pro¬ 
bably have plants and trusses extra fine. 
Young plants raised from strong well-ripened 
cuttings, healthy root-action always, rich soil, 
and full exposure to the light and air, are the 
chief essentials for producing large trusses. If you add to the loam a fifteenth 
part of bonemeal, and give liquid manure occasionally when the pots in which 
the plants are to flower become filled with roots, you will have strong growths 
and thick dark green foliage, and these being secured large trusses are inevitable. 
There must be no check to growth at any time, either by permitting the plants 
to become root-bound before being shifted, or inattention in watering at auy 
time. Your varieties are good, and the following, selected from Mr. Cannell’s 
collection, may be grown with confidence. They produce at Swanley enormous 
trusses, quite twice the size of those to which you refer. This, however, is doubt¬ 
less in a great measure due to superior cultivation, and are top-dressed frequently 
with the “ Invigorator ” that is used in the nursery. Hewer varieties.— Crimsons 
—Metis, Mrs. Gordon. Rosy Crimson— Celia, Hermia. Scarlet —Future Fame, 
General Grant, Manfred. Magenta —La France, Eva, Hebe. Salmon —Ceres and 
Mrs. J. Gibson, Madame Colson. Purple Pinks— Eurydice, Mrs. Strutt, Jean Ill. 
Rosy Pinks —Constance, E. Y. Sembry, Paul Baur, Lady Bailey. Whites —White 
Clipper Improved, Eureka, and Prima Donna. White, Pink Eye —Mrs. Moore. 
Names of Fruits (R. Warmer). —Jefferson Plum. (P. J.). —1, rotten; 
2, La Juive ; 3, Fondante d’Automne ; 4, Nouveau Poiteau ; 5, Beurre Banco ; 6, 
Probably Beurrd Clairgeau from a late blossom, not Emile d’Hevst. (C. J .).— 
1, 2, and 12, Beurrd d’Amanlis ; 3, Dunmore ; 6, Urbaniste ; 8, Elton ; 10, Beurre 
de Capiaumont; ll.Catillac. We cannot name more than six specimens. (IF. II. 
Ashirin). —The Apple is Lady Henniker. Pear is not known to us, and it is 
worthless. (Erdington).— Kerry Tippim (II. P.). —1, Not known,probably local; 
2, Beadnell’s seedling Plum Isabella. (Captain II.)—Pears. — G, Pitmaston 
Duchess; 8, Williams’ Bon Chretien ; 9, Marie Louise d’Uccle. Apples. —10, 
Winter Hawthornden ; 11, Court Pend Cl Plat; 12, Iteiuette de Canada. 
Names of Plants (T. F. L.). —1, Ajuga reptans : 2, Saxifraga Aizoon ; 
3, Sedum hispanicum glaucum ; 4, Sedum acre; 5, Lysimachia nummularia 
aurea; 6, Antennaria tomentosa. (G. P.). —1, Streptocarpus floribundus; 2, 
Much shrivelled, but apparently a form of Pteris tremula ; 3, Swainsonia ga'e- 
gifolia alba; 4, Pellma rotundifolia; 5, Begonia tenia. (II. Osman). —The 
specimen with yellow flowers is Hypericum Androstemum, the other is Pitto- 
sporum Tobira. (W. C.S.). —Calceolariaglutinosa. (Inquirer). —1,Unrecognis¬ 
able ; 2, Maxillaria squalens; 3, Adiantum tenerum scutum; 4. Gymnogramma 
chrysophylla ; 5, Selaginella Wallichii; 6, Croton undulatus. (II. It.). —1, Pteris 
cretica; 2, Pteris serrulata ; 3, Habrothamnus fascicularis ; 4, Cestrum auran- 
tiacum ; 5,Epidendrum vitellinum. ( W. R. S.). —l,Marantazebrina ; 2. Maranta 
arundinacea; 3, Tradescantia discolor ; 4, Tradescantia zebrina. (A. 0.). —1, 
Cosmos bipinnatus ; 2,Bidens tripartitus; 3, Bidens pilosus; 4, Dahlia glabrata; 
6, Cosmos diversifolius atrosanguineus. 
COYENT GARDEN MARKET.— September 27tu. 
Trade very quiet, with prices unaltered. A better demand for Peaches, 
which are firm. Kent Cobs easier. 
VEQE'I 
Ai tichokes. 
dozen 
a. 
2 
d. s. 
0 to 4 
d. . 
0 
Asparagus. 
bundle 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Beans,Kidney... 
100 
i 
0 
0 
0 
Beet, Red. 
dozen 
i 
0 
2 
0 
Broccoli. 
bundle 
0 
9 
1 
6 
Brussels Sprouts. 
i sieve 
2 
6 
3 
0 
Cabbage . 
dozen 
0 
6 
1 
0 
Capsicums. 
100 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Carrots . 
bunch 
0 
4 
0 
0 
Cauliflowers. 
dozen 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Celery . 
bundle 
1 
6 
2 
0 
Coleworts_doz. bunches 
2 
0 
4 
0 
Cucumbers. 
each 
0 
4 
0 
6 
Endive. 
dozen 
1 
0 
2 
0 
Fennel. 
bunch 
0 
8 
0 
0 
Garlic . 
lb. 
0 
8 
0 
0 
Herbs. 
bunch 
0 
2 
0 
0 
Leeks. 
bunch 
0 
< 
0 
4 
1'ABi ES. 
s. d. s. d. 
Lettuces . score l Otol 6 
Mushrooms .puuuct 10 16 
Mustard* Cress .. punnet 0 2 0 3 
Onions. bch. 0 6 0 0 
Parsley. doz.bunches 3 0 4 0 
Parsnips. dozen 10 2 0 
Peas . quart <• 10 0 0 
Potatoes. cwt. CO 7 0 
Kidney. cwt. Co 8 0 
Radishes.... doz.bunchcs 10 0 6 
Rhubarb. bundle 0 4 0 6 
Salsafy. bundle 10 0 0 
Scorzonera . bundle 16 0 0 
Seakale . basket 0 o 0 0 
Shallots. tt>. o 3 0 4 
Spinach . bushel 3 0 0 0 
Tomatoes . lb. 0 2 0 7 
Turnips . bunch 0 6 o o 
FRUIT. 
9. 
d. 
9. 
d. 
9. 
d. 
9. 
d. 
Apples. 
j sieve 
2 
0 to 7 
0 
°0 
Apricots. 
doz. 
i 
0 
l 
6 
Melons. 
2 
0 
3 
0 
Cherries. 
i sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Nectarines.. 
2 
0 
10 
0 
Chestnuts. 
bushel 
0 
0 
0 
0 
100 
o 
o 
10 
o 
Currants, Black.. 
4 sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Peaches .... 
2 
6 
10 
0 
„ Red_ 
4 sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Pears,kitchen .. dozen 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Figs. 
dozen 
l> 
0 
1 
0 
Filberts. 
it. 
0 
G 
0 
0 
Pine Apples, 
English It. 
3 
0 
4 
0 
Cobs. 
100 lb. 
to 
0 
0 
0 
Raspberries . 
. ib. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Gooseberries .... 
4 sieve 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Strawberries 
lb. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
Grapes . 
it. 
1 
0 
o 
o 
0 
POULTRY AND PIGEON CHRONICLE. 
THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON CULTIVATION. 
(Continued from page 285.) 
We must now point out somewhat more in detail the climatic 
elements which should decide the special advantages of each system 
of cultivation ; but this can only be done beneficially by bringing 
into contrast the requirements of the various crops, and with par¬ 
ticular regard to cultivation and manuring under the varied con¬ 
ditions of climate. One of the most peculiar and clearly defined 
variations in the cultivation of cereal crops in moist and wet 
climates is strongly indicated by the position which the growth of 
Wheat occupies in the rotation. In moist climates it is found to 
thrive best after a bare fallow or fallow crops, such as Vetches, 
Trifolium, and Mustard, or early root crops fed off by sheep ; 
whereas in dry climates it succeeds best after Clover lea if pro¬ 
perly manured and seeded. Nearly all over Scotland, Ireland, and 
the western districts of England Wheat is a rather uncertain crop 
when seeded after Clover, and in consequence Oats of the best 
white and early varieties are usually grown in lieu of Wheat, espe¬ 
cially in the higher and more exposed situations, where the latter 
is found not to ripen at all. Although it may be difficult to account 
for this well-known fact, yet there are two principal causes in 
operation, for in the moister climates the straw of Wheat, except 
in the valleys and more favoured aspects, hardly ever assumes a 
clear and bright healthy colour when sown after Clover lea. The 
action of decaying vegetable substances like Clover roots hi s no 
doubt the effect of producing luxuriance to a certain extent in the 
plant, which is not counteracted by the superior effect of direct 
sunshine which prevails in drier climates. The surface of the 
straw is, therefore, subject to mildew, which often extends to the 
ear and reduces the yield of grain both in quantity and quality. 
In such climates as we have referred to conditions are less favour¬ 
able, but the growth of the Wheat plant is greatly promoted in its 
early spring growth when the land had been fallowed before seed¬ 
ing. It must be admitted that land which has had the benefit of 
cultivation, which is insured by the growth of root crops, is gene¬ 
rally in a much better state for allowing the young plants to root 
freely through the soil and gather food to a greater extent than 
when grown after Clover lea, and this will be seen especially when 
Wheat is sown after green crops. 
There is a further advantage resulting from the fallow or fallow 
crops upon strong soils, for we are assured by the experiments of 
Sir J. B. Lawes, who is the greatest authority we recognise in such 
matters, that some considerable amount of ammonia is deposited 
in the land by the rainfall, especially in the summer mouths. 
Besides this, it is confidently stated that the soil condenses an un¬ 
known quantity of ammonia, which is afterwards converted into 
nitric acid, and that also a certain additional amount is liberated 
from the soil during cultivation. This scientific view of the benefit 
