490 JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. [ November 25, 1880. 
Forming Pyramid Cherry Trees (D. Wilson ).—Commencing with a 
maiden plant, the head should be taken off at 13 inches above the point of 
union of the graft and stock. This will cause the production of side shoots, 
the uppermost of which is to be trained as a leader, and all the others should 
have their points taken out as soon as they have made six leaves, commencing 
with the strongest and ending with the weakest; when the shoots push again 
take out their points at the third leaf. The leader may be stopped when it has 
grown 12 inches, and it will push one or more shoots. One is to be trained as a 
leader, and the others should have their points taken out at the third leaf. In 
winter the leader should be cut back to within about 15 inches of the last stop¬ 
ping, and any of the side shoots that are irregular may be shortened so as to 
have the tree widest at bottom and gradually tapering upwards. As respects 
the leader the treatment is the same in the following year, and afterwards, until 
the desired height of tree is attained, and the side shoots are allowed to make 
shoots with six leaves; then take out their points, keeping them closely pinched- 
in afterwards to one or two leaves. Care must be taken to stop so as to form a 
perfect cone or pyramid, encouraging the shoots in the hollow places, and not 
stopping them until they are of equal length with the others, and when they 
are too prominent pinch more closely. 
Dendrobium formosum (./. Mason ).—It succeeds admirably as a pot 
plant like most others of the same genus. The pots are filled to two-thirds 
of their depths with crocks, over which should be placed a mixture of chopped 
sphagnum, fibrous peat, lumps of charcoal, and a little silver sand, with crocks, 
the whole compressed firmly and rising well above the rim. Let the roots of 
the plant alone be covered with the compost, when it is as much at home 
as if it were growing on the trunk of a tree. Being a native of Nepal 
and Moulmein it does not require a very high temperature, and will, indeed, 
grow in a warm vinery—an admirable place for a great number of Orchids. 
If the plant is in good health and in good growth, place it in a house with a 
temperature of 45° to 50°, and from now until March give only a sprinkling 
of water betimes to keep the pseudo-bulb from shrivelling up. In March you 
may put it in a vinery with a temperature of from 50° to 55°, increasing in a 
few weeks to 60° at night, and also sprinkle it overhead every morning for the 
first fortnight, when it will start into flower and afterwards into new growth. 
It should now be encouraged with moisture to make a good growth, and on that 
being completed and the pseudo-bulbs being firm, keep it dry and moderately 
warm, but try to obtain a complete maturation by exposure to light and air. 
Marechal Niel Rose Cankering {J. P ).—We have seen it canker 
both on the Briar and Manetti stocks, and it does not always grow freely on its 
own roots. Relative to a stock for this Rose a correspondent communicated the 
following note last January “ I have seen this beautiful Rose grown on many 
different stocks, such as the Felicity Perpetuoe, Margottin, seedling Briar, 
Gloire de Dijon, and several others, but the De la Grifferaie stands first in my 
estimation. I have seen the Mardchal on this stock throw up shoots 8 to 10 feet 
long, and as for cankering I have no reason to think it will do so. The buds 
are so firmly united to the stock that it is a difficult matter to pull them out. 
In looking over Messrs. Wm. Paul & Son’s nurseries at Waltham Cross I observed 
hundreds of Mardchals on the De la Grifferaie stock, and it was astonishing to 
see the growth they had made in one year—three or four shoots 6 to 8 feet long. 
I noticed also such varieties as Gloire de Dijon, Climbing Devoniensis, Belle 
Lyonnaise, Madame Berard, Mdlle. Marie Berton, and Cloth of Gold growing on 
this stock with remarkable vigour. I strongly advise all who find it difficult to 
grow this king of Roses to give it a trial on the above-mentioned stock, and I 
am sure they will be well rewarded for their trouble.” If the plants are budded' 
on the Manetti the buds should be inserted close to the roots, and the plants 
will speedily be on their own roots. We have recently seen some Marechal Niel 
Roses raised from cuttings that have produced growths 20 feet long this year. 
Names of Fruit {E. K). —1, Uvedale's St. Germain ; 2, Chaumontel; 3, 
Beurre Diel; 4, Thompson’s ; 5, Comte de Lamy ; 6, Duck’s Bill Apple. {J. B. D.). 
■ —1, Winter Greening; 2, not known ; 3, Northern Greening ; 4, Tom Putt. 
C John Laing & Co.). —1, Herefordshire Beefing ; 4, Leathercoat; 7, Blenheim 
Pippin ; 8, Royal Russet; 11, Surrey Flat Cap ; 15, Beauty of Kent. ( Conyngham ). 
—1, Marechal de Cour ; 2, Mlllot de Nancy ; 3, not known. {II. P. C .).—Triomphe 
de Jodoigne. ( G. B. C. W ).—Alfriston is a lai'ge green Apple traced all over 
with lines of russet. The specimens you sent are Beauty of Kent. {Henry Smale). 
■ — Apples. —2, Calville Blanche ; 3, Pearson’s Plate. Pears. —4, Beurr6 de Jonghe ; 
6, Beurre d’Aremberg. A large decayed Pear, delivered by the Gieat Western 
Railway, is King Edward’s Pear. We have no name of the sender. {R. H ).— 
Nouveau Poiteau. {H. IF.).—The Grapes were so shaken in transit and crushed 
as to be quite beyond identification. Grapes cannot be named unless fair 
representative bunches are sent and arrive in good condition. 
Names of Plants {S. T ).—Adiantum macrophyllum. {E. D. S ).—We 
fail to recognise the plant sent, as the flowers were completely withered ; it 
appears to be a Liliaceous plant. {R. T .)—Meyenia erecta. {J. R. Pearson ).— 
Euonymus europteus. 
POULTRY, PIGEON, AND BEE CHRONICLE. 
BREEDS OF CATTLE ADAPTED FOR DAIRY 
FARMING. 
{Continued from, page 470.) 
Haying previously noticed the different breeds of cattle as pure¬ 
bred stock, we must now allude to the cross-bred cows exhibited 
at the late Dairy Show. It is very useful and important to notice 
the effect of crossing or mixing the different breeds of cows in¬ 
tended for dairy purposes and their progeny, and we think that in 
such a class the breed of animals upon which the cross is based 
ought not only to be stated but certified, in order that the home 
farmer and others may be taught thereby in their breeding of 
dairy cattle. Unless this is done there is frequently such an 
affinity to one breed or the other that the animals appear to a 
superficial observer to be pure-bred instead of cross-bred, as was 
the case this year with a fine roan cow exhibited as cross-bred, 
which would really have passed muster as a Shorthorn, not eligible 
as pedigree stock. It will therefore be readily understood that the 
animals should be specifically named as a cross between such and 
such pure breeds. It is further a well-known fact to experienced 
men that it is not necessary to have a pure-bred animal of any 
breed to insure a first-class milker, because excellent milking 
stock is to be obtained under numerous strains. The chief varia¬ 
tion appertaining to particular breeds is to obtain quality of the 
milk, and when this and quantity can be combined in one animal 
we have an example worth imitation, no matter what the origin 
may be, but it is this fact which renders it desirable that the 
origin both of sire and dam should be certified. 
We must fall back upon our own experience and that of some 
of the most intelligent of cattle breeders to explain fairly the 
difficult task of combining quality and quantity of milk with 
correctness of form of the animals. In our case we have never 
been enabled to obtain such a combination as we have named 
in a cross between the Shorthorn and Jersey, especially if the 
sire was of the former breed. If, however, the Jersey bull is 
used for the Shorthorned cow the result will be better ; but even 
in such case we have never succeeded to our satisfaction, in 
consequence of the stock being so small, light, and various. On 
the other hand, when we have used the Guernsey bull for the 
Shorthorned cow, and both coming of good milking strains, we 
have been well satisfied, and have certainly possessed some of the 
finest milking dairy cows we have ever seen, both as great 
milkers and yielding rich cream adapted for making butter of 
the finest quality, and at the same time milk for making supe¬ 
rior cheese, without the necessity of using “annatto” for the pur¬ 
pose of colouring the goods. This colouring used to be con¬ 
sidered of much more consequence by the London cheesefactors 
twenty or thirty years ago than at present, hence the necessity of 
using “annatto ” for the purpose, as shown by the fact that in 
1858 £2000 per year was paid for this article in the county of 
Cheshire alone. There is no danger in using this deleterous sub¬ 
stance so long as it is properly mixed in moderate quantities in 
the cheese, but when used by the ignorant it has often proved 
damaging to the quality of cheese, if not injurious to the health 
of the consumer. It will therefore be readily admitted how very 
desirable it is to have the cheese coloured by the supply of milk 
of high colour and rich quality, so that the fashion of the London 
cheesefactor may be met, and at the same time an article of the 
richest possible quality may be available for the consumer, who is 
always willing to pay a good price for a superior cheese. 
It is notorious that to the dairymen of Bucks, Derbyshire, Salop, 
and the west of England the graziers of the eastern counties 
are indebted for many of the cross-bred animals met with, for 
they look out for the cow that gives the most milk or butter, or 
promises to make the greatest quantity of cheese, quite regardless 
of her origin ; nor in many cases are they much more careful as 
to the pedigree of the bulls, in consequence of their selling the 
calf at a few days old. There is, however, now a growing desire 
among them to use a well-bred bull, whereby they will much 
improve the produce, especially where they intend to rear heifer 
calves to keep up the stock, because a well-bred bull from a good 
milking family will soon alter the appearance of the herd. We 
find an instance worth recording in a statement made by Mr. J. 
Coleman, farm steward to the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbey, 
