252 
EGYPTIAN ART. 
have capitals, representing lotus buds'and flowers of the lotus, papyrus, 
and other plants. The temples are rectangular, with heavy advanced 
gateways tapering to their summits, and doors of the sam.e kind. The 
courts are hypsethral, the walls externally and internally covered with 
sculptures, and the approach generally by a dromos, or avenue of 
sphinxes or divinities. There is seldom any statue in the adytum, 
a living animal being in place of this. Other temples were hewn 
into the solid rock, and the tombs consist of galleries cut in the 
same material, having their sides covered with paintings and sculp¬ 
tures, referring to religious, historical, or domestic events. (See Spe¬ 
cimens, Nos. 169-181.) In sculpture, the artists worked in full relief, 
bas-relief very slightly raised, the projecting parts being kept as much 
as possible in one plane, and in a peculiar relief cut below the original 
surface, called cavo-rilievo, or intaglio rilievato; in the full relief 
of stone, composition, and porcelain, the standing figures have a mass 
of stone between the legs reserved to support the figure, and the arms 
were not detached, but pendent at the sides, or raised to the breast; a 
plinth, resembling the side of an obelisk, was often placed behind, des¬ 
tined to contain the inscriptions. In metal and wood the arms and 
legs were detached. The hair is disposed in very regular masses of 
vertical curls, falling from the crown of the head; the eyes, eyelashes, 
and brows were represented prolonged to the ears, with shelly or acute 
lids; the hole of the ear was on a level with the pupil, the lips 
strongly marked, but expanding like the Nubian, the expression 
smiling, as in the early art of JEgina ; the beard not spread along the 
cheek, but platted into a narrow mass of square or recurved form, 
with ribands passing to the cap. In bas-relief and cavo-rilievo, 
profile was generally used as more distinct and simple, the eyes were 
elongated, with a full pupil, a peculiarity also of the earliest Greek art. 
The form is on the whole slender, the features calm and smiling, 
not betraying emotion ; the inner markings of the fioure were not 
given, and indications of muscular movement never fully developed. 
Great regularity, squareness, and repose, well adapted for architecture, 
characterize their art, which occasionally exhibits the delicacy of a 
cameo. Portraiture was early known, and a conventional character 
of feature assigned to different divinities, who, however, are often 
made to resemble the reigning monarch. Three canons of Egyptian 
proportions are knowm : 1. The canon of the time of the Pyramids ; 
the height was reckoned at six feet from the sole of the foot to the 
crowm of the head, and subdivisions obtain by one-half or one-third 
of a foot. 2. The canon from the 12th to the 22nd dynasty is only 
an extension of the first. The whole figure was contained in a num¬ 
ber of squares of half a foot; and the whole height divided into 
eighteen parts. In these tw^o canons the height above the sixth foot 
is not reckoned. Tablet, No. 579, has a scale of some human figures, 
under the 12th dynasty; and a board, probably the working drawing 
of a sculptor or painter, may be seen in Case No. 38, representing a 
figure of Thothmes III. 3. The canon of the age of the Psammetici, 
which is mentioned by Diodorus, reckoning the entire height at 
twenty-one parts and a quarter from the sole to the crowm of the 
head, taken to the upper part. The proportions are different, but with¬ 
out any introduction of the Greek canon. (See the bust, No. 2279; 
