86 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
August 3, 1872. 
Atomic Heats op Metals. 
1 
Chlorides. 
Atomic 
Weights 
Metals. 
Specific' 
Heats. 
Atomic 
Heats. 
Li Cl . . . . 
7 
Lithium . . 
•9408 
1-07 
Na Cl . . . 
23 
Sodium . . 
•2934 
1-09 
MgCl 2 . . . 
24 
Magnesium . 
•2499 
0-97 
A1 Cl 3 . . . . 
27'5 
Aluminum. . 
•2143 
0.95 
3x Cl . . . . 
39 
Potassium. . 
•1695 
1-07 
Ca Cl 2 . . . 
40 
Calcium . . 
•1686 
1-09 
Mn Cl 2 . . . 
55 
Manganese 
•1217 
1-08 
Fe Cl 2 , Fe Cl 3 . 
56 
Iron . . . 
•1138 
1-03 
Ni Cl 2 ... 
59 
Nickel . . . 
•1075 
1-03 
Co CL . . . 
59 
Cobalt . . . 
•1067 
1-02 
Cu Cl, CuCL. 
63-5 
Copper. . . 
•0955 
0-98 
Zn Cl 2 . . . 
65 
Zinc . . . 
•0955 
1-01 
As Cl 3 ... 
75 
Arsenic. . 
•0814 
0-99 
Mo Cl 4 . . . 
96 
Molybdenum. 
•0722 
1-12 
Ru Cl 3 , Ru Cl 4 . 
104 
Ruthenium . 
•0611 
1-03 
Ro Cl 3 . . . 
104 
Rhodium . . 
•0580 
0-98 
Pd Cl 2 . . . 
106 
Palladium. . 
•0593 
1-02 
Ag Ci.. 
108 
Silver . . . 
*0570 
1-00 
Cd Cl 2 ... 
112 
Cadmium . . 
•0567 
1-03 
In Cl-, . . . 
113*5 
Indium . . 
•0569 
1-05 
Sn CL Sn Cl 4 . 
118 
Tin .... 
•0562 
1-07 
Sb C) 3 Sb Cl 5 . 
122 
Antimony. . 
•0508 
1-00 
Te Cl 4 . . . 
129 
Tellurium. . 
•0474 
1-03 
WC1 4 , ¥C1, 
184 
Tungsten . . 
•0334 
1-00 
Au Cl, Au Ci 3 . 
196-5 
Gold . . . 
•0325 
1.03 
Ir Cl 3 , Ir Cl 4 . 
197 
Iridium. . . 
•0326 
1-04 
Pt Cl 2 , Pt Cl 4 . 
197 
Platinum . . 
•0324 
1-04 
Os Cl 2 , Os Cl 4 . 
199 
Osmium . . 
•0311 
1-00 
Hg Cl, Hg Cl 2 
200 
Mercury . . 
•0319 
1-03 
T1 Cl, Tl, Cl 3 . 
203 
Thallium . . 
•0325 
1-07 
Pb Cl 2 . . . 
207 
Lead . . . 
•0314 
1-05 
Bi Cl 3 . . . . 
210 
Bismuth . . 
•0308 
1-05 
that they are one and all associated with each other 
by a certain community of relationship; of which the 
well-known gradation and parallelism in properties and 
atomic weights, of the members of the alkali and earth- 
alkali, and of the halogen and oxygen families of ele¬ 
ments afford only the most prominent examples. 
Elements, in Order of Atomic Weight. 
l 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
Type. 
I. H 1 
Li 7 
Na 23 
K 39 
Rb 85 
Ag 108 
Cd 112 
Cs 133 
R Cl 
II. 
G- 9 
Mg 24 
Ca 40 
Zn 65 Sr 87‘5 
Ba 137 
R Cl a 
III. 
B 11 
A1 27-5 
Xa 
In 113 
x b 
R Cl s 
IV. 
C 12 
Si 28 
Ti 50 
Zr 89 
Sn 118 
Xc 
R Cl* 
y. 
N 14 
P 31 
V 51 
As 75 Nb 94 
Se 79 Mo 96 
Sb 122 
• • • 
RC1 S 
VI. 
O 16 
S 32 
Cr 52 5 
Te 129 
RC1„ 
VII. 
F 19 
Cl 35-5 
Mn 55 
Br 80 
• < • 
I 127 
RC1 7 
VIII. 
• • • 
Na 23 
• • • 
Fe 56*1 
Co 59 \ 
Ni 59 J 
Cu 63-5 
• t • 
Rul041 
Rol04 V 
Pdl06 J 
Ag 108 
• M 
RC1 3 
weights of the elements range from 1, the atomic weight 
of hydrogen, up to 240, the atomic weight of uranium, 
there opens out the further question, whether the more 
obvious chemical properties of the different elements 
are seriated in any way with their atomic weights; or, 
to put this last question in another form, whether the 
varied chemical properties of the elements are distribu¬ 
ted among them haphazard, or according to some definite 
system ot which the relationship subsisting between 
their several atomic weights may possibly serve as a 
key. Now. the atomic weights, as distinguished from 
the combining proportions of yttrium, erbium, cerium, 
lanthanum and didymium, must be regarded for the 
present as quite unknown. Out of the fifty-eight elements, 
however, ot which the atomic weights have been more 
or less well determined, forty-six have their several 
atomic weights ranging from 1 to 137, in an almost un¬ 
broken succession. Ten of the other twelve have atomic 
weights ranging from 184, that of tantalum, to 210, that 
of bismuth ; while the remaining two, namely, thorium 
and uranium, have the closely-approximating atomic 
weights 238 and 240 respectively. In the above table, 
the symbols of the forty-six elements having atomic 
weights ranging from 1 to 137, are set down in the 
order of the atomic weights of the elements symbolized, 
—save only in the case of tellurium, of which the sym¬ 
bol^ placed immediately above, instead of below that of 
iodine, and of which the atomic weight may not impro¬ 
bably have been somewhat over estimated. And 
violating the order of numerical seriation in this small 
particular only, it is remarkable with what facility the 
symbols of the forty-six elements may be arranged in 
parallel lines and columns, corresponding to a natural 
classification of the elements themselves into analogous 
groups and series. Indeed, a study of the entire num¬ 
ber of elements at present known, would seem to indicate 
Taking the second line of the table as an illustration, 
it is observable that the seven metals symbolized thereon 
are distinguished from all the other’s by their common 
property of forming one chloride only, and that a di¬ 
chloride ; further, that the metals figuring in the un¬ 
even-numbered columns of this line, namely, magnesium 
24, zinc 65 and cadmium 112, are permanent in the air, 
are volatilizable in the direct, and basylous in the in¬ 
verse order of their atomic weights, and are otherwise 
specially associated with one another; while the simi¬ 
larly associated metals of the alternate or even-numbered 
columns, namely, calcium, 40, strontium, 87'5, and ba¬ 
rium 137, are quickly oxidizable in the air, are practi¬ 
cally non-volatile, and are basylous in the direct instead 
of the inverse order of their atomic weights ; and simi¬ 
larly, on the other lines of the table, the elements sym¬ 
bolized are divisible into sub-groups, according to their 
odd and even positions respectively. 
Such being the relationship of the elements placed 
on the same line, the relationship of those in the same 
column is of a different kind. Taking the third and 
seventh columns by way of illustration, it is observable 
that the consecutive elements in each column have closely 
consecutive atomic numbers; that the element on the 
first line forms a mono-chloride; that on the second 
line, a di-chloride; that on the third line, a tri-chloride ; 
and that on the fourth line, a tetra-chloride; while 
those on the fifth, sixth and seventh forms oxide or 
oxichlorides, corresponding to a penta-, hexa-, and hepta- 
chloride respectively. 
By reason of its atomic weight, 113*5, indium i3 
observed to figure on the third line and seventh column 
of the above table ; but its position among the elements 
is better recognizable by a glance at the table below, 
containing a portion only of the preceding one, supple¬ 
mented by an additional column of elements of higher 
atomic weight than any of those included previously. 
In respect of its atomic weight, then, triad indium 
occupies a position exactly intermediate between the 
positions of diad cadmium and tetrad tin, to both of 
which metals it presents a most marked resemblance in 
properties. They all three have the same extreme 
degree of fusibility, and much the same oxidizability 
and reducibility. Their sulphides are alike character¬ 
ized by a yellow colour, that of cadmium, Cd S, being 
neutral; that of tin, Sn S 2 , being acidulous; and that 
of indium, In 2 S 3 , being strictly intermediate. 
3 
7 
10 
Type. 
I. . 
Na 23 
Ag 108 
• 
• 
R Cl 
II. . . 
Mg 24 
Cd 112 
Hy 
200 
R CL 
III. . . 
A1 27-5 
In 133-5 
Tl 
203 
R CL 
IV. . . 
Si 28 
Sn 118 
Pb 
207 
R Cl 4 
V. . . 
P 31 
Sb 122 
Bi 
210 
R Cl 5 
YI. . . 
S 32 
Te 129 
• 
• 
R CL 
