270 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS, 
[October 5,1872. 
the answers as a whole, considering the number of 
competitors, and the number and character of the 
questions submitted to them, he had never on any 
previous occasion, although he had occupied that 
position now for some thirty years, had more satisfac¬ 
tion in awarding the prizes than he had on this 
occasion. Of the seven gentlemen who had been 
successful, the one who stood first—Mr. Robert 
Higgins Davies — had 90 marks, the highest number 
which could under any circumstances be given being 
100. The one wliich stood second—Mr. Edward 
Rammell—had 84 marks. To these gentlemen the 
Council had awarded the Silver Council Medal and 
the Bronze Council Medal. Then Mr. Joseph Walker 
had 76 marks, and Mr. William Asliwell Shenstone 
75, to each of whom an honorary certificate had been 
awarded. And lastly, there were tln-ee gentlemen 
who had 06, 64, and 61 marks respectively—namely, 
Mr. F. A. Crisp, Mr. A. B. Cortis, and Mr. Hetlier- 
ington, to whom certificates of merit had been 
awarded. These were the gentlemen whom he 
wished to introduce to them, and regarding whom he 
was sure they would be pleased to ratify and confirm 
that which he had suggested to the Council, and the 
Council had determined upon with respect to granting 
them the marks of distinction to which he had 
referred. 
Chemistry and Pharmacy. 
Hours: Ten till One, and Two till Five. Standard 
number of marks, 100. 
1. Define the meaning of the terms “specific gravity” 
and “ density.” 
2. A specific gravity bottle having a capacity equal to 
1000 grains of water when the perforated glass stopper 
is fixed in its place, is used for taking the specific gravity 
of alcohol, in an apartment, the temperature of which is 
70° Fahr.; explain the probable sources of error in ope¬ 
rating under such circumstances. 
3. Describe the law, commonly known as Mariotte’s 
law, relating to the effects of pressure on the density or 
volume of gases, the way in which results have been ob¬ 
tained on which the law is founded, and the limits to the 
application of the law. 
4. What is the principle of hydrostatic pressure in 
accordance with which the hydraulic press is con¬ 
structed; and in what way is that principle turned to 
account in confining the water in the large cylinder of 
the press ? 
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the 
hydraulic as compared with the screw press, when used 
in pharmacy P 
6. In distilling water with an ordinary still and worm- 1 
tub, how much water is required in the condenser, and! 
what increase of temperature will occur in it, in getting ! 
a gallon of distilled water ? In what respect 'would the 
result differ in distilling spirit? Explain the cause of 
the difference, and give the data on which the calcula¬ 
tions are based. 
7. Explain the terms maceration, digestion, elutria- 
tion, lixiviation, percolation, and displacement, as used 
in pharmacy. 
8. Describe some of the leading facts which have been 
established with reference to liquid diffusion. Explain 
the way in which experiments on this subject have been 
conducted; the results on wdiich the process of dialysis 
has been founded; the form of apparatus used for dialy¬ 
sis ; and the conditions under which the best results are 
obtained by it. 
9. Describe the production of chlorine from hydro¬ 
chloric acid and black oxide of manganese; from com¬ 
mon salt, manganese and sulphuric acid; and from 
chlorate of potash and hydrochloric acid. Describe me¬ 
thods of collecting the gas, and what is specially to be 
observed in applying such methods. Give the specific 
gravity of chlorine, and the extent of its solubility in 
water. Describe the nature of its action on vegetable 
colours, and on infectious matters. 
10. Describe the production of sulphurous anhydride 
from sulphuric acid and mercury, and from sulphuric 
acid and charcoal; explaining to what extent heat is re¬ 
quired to be applied, what the gaseous products will con¬ 
sist of, how the sulphurous anhydride is to be collected, 
what its specific gravity is, and what the extent of its 
solubility in water. 
11. Describe the action of sulphurous acid as a de¬ 
colourizing agent, and the difference there is in its mode 
of action from that of chlorine. Name some of the or¬ 
ganic substances to which it is most advantageously ap¬ 
plied for depriving them of colour. 
12. Describe the effects of different degrees of heat on 
zinc, and the way in which the metal may be reduced to 
the coarsely granulated, and also to the finely granulated 
state. 
13. Describe the Pharmacopoeia processes for citrate 
of iron and ammonia, tartarated iron, and phosphate of 
iron, and refer to any practical points in connection w r ith 
those processes that you consider important. 
14. Define the terms “Alcohol,” “Ether,” “ Alde- 
hyd,” “ Ketone,” and “Olefine,” as used by chemists as 
generic terms, illustrating the application of each term 
to two or more homologous compounds. 
15. Give the formulae representing the composition of 
the following bodies:— 
Cane Sugar. 
Grape Sugar. 
Mannite. 
Glycerine. 
Nitrous Ether. 
Oil of Bitter Almonds. 
Botany and Materia Medica. 
The President then called upon Professor Bentley 
to state the results of the examination in the Botany 
and Materia Medica Class. 
Professor Bentley said that, although he had not 
addressed such an audience on thirty or more 
occasions of a similar character to the present, 
as his esteemed friend and colleague Dr. Redwood— 
yet there had been something like twenty-two 
or twenty-three occasions on which he had had the 
honour to address an audience at the commence¬ 
ment of a new Session, and he had often said that 
that day in his life was always a pleasant one. 
What he had said on previous occasions he could 
reiterate on this. He cordially endorsed what had 
been said by Professor Redwood. He had never 
had a more attentive or more diligent class, or one 
which exhibited in the whole course of the year a 
more uniform progress, than that which he had had 
during the last session. He could say this with per¬ 
fect confidence, because it had been his practice 
during the past year to hold weekly examinations, 
which he found were most conducive to the success 
of the students. He intended this year to have 
occasional written examinations, as well as viva voce 
ones, and he hoped that the students would avail 
themselves as far as possible of them, for they 
brought the Professor more intimately in contact 
with his pupils ; and thus facilities were afforded of 
testing the progress made and of asking the lec¬ 
turer himself for an explanation of any particular 
subject. He felt very strongly upon the subject of 
examinations ; and speaking from experience not 
only in regard to pharmaceutical education, but 
also with respect to medical education, he must 
say that he knew nothing which was more ealeu- 
