December 7, 1 S 72 .] THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
455 
them into English; and render a literal as well as an ap¬ 
propriate translation of the directions for use. To detect 
errors, discover unusual doses, and have a general know¬ 
ledge of posology; also to render in good Latin ordi¬ 
nary prescriptions written in English. 
“ Practical Dispensing.—To weigh, measure, and com¬ 
pound medicines; write the directions in concise lan¬ 
guage in a neat and distinct hand ; to finish and properly 
direct each package. 
“ Pharmacy.—To recognize the preparations of the 
Pharmacopoeia which are not of a definite chemical 
nature, and have well-marked physical characters, such 
as extracts, tinctures, powders, etc.; to give the propor¬ 
tions of the active ingredients, and possess a practical 
knowledge of the processes, and the principles of the 
processes by which they are made, and of the best exci¬ 
pients and methods of manipulation for forming emul¬ 
sions, pills, etc. 
“Materia Medica.—To recognize specimens of roots, 
harks, leaves, fruits, resins, gums, animal substances, 
•etc., used in medicine ; give the botanical and zoological 
names of the plants, etc., yielding them, and the natural 
families to which they belong ; name the countries and 
.sources from which they are obtained, the officinal pre¬ 
parations into which they enter, and judge the quality 
and freedom from adulteration or otherwise of the speci¬ 
mens. 
“ Botany.—To recognize the more important indi¬ 
genous plants used in medicine. To possess a general 
knowledge of the elementary structure of plants, and 
the structure and distinctive characters of roots, stems, 
leaves, and their parts. To name and describe the 
various parts of the flower. 
“ Chemistry.—To recognize the ordinary chemicals 
used in medicine. To possess a practical knowledge 
of the processes by which they are produced, the 
composition of such as are compound, and explain 
the decompositions that occur in their production and 
.admixture, by equations or diagrams. To determine 
practically, by means of tests, the presence in solution 
of the chemicals in common use, and explain the reactions 
which occur in each case. To possess a general know¬ 
ledge of the laws of chemical philosophy, and a practical 
knowledge of the means of determining specific gravi¬ 
ties, densities and temperature, and of the instruments 
appertaining thereto, and the physical and chemical 
constitution of the atmosphere. 
“ Major Examination. —(For registration as pharma¬ 
ceutical chemists under the Pharmacy Act, 1852.) 
“ Candidates for this examination must have passed the 
* Minor ’ examination at least three months previously. 
“ Materia Medica.—This comprises a practical know¬ 
ledge of the methods of estimating the value of import¬ 
ant drugs, of obtaining their active proximate consti¬ 
tuents in a separate state ; of identifying them and as¬ 
certaining their purity or impurity by tests. 
“ Botany.—This comprises an intimate acquaintance 
with the parts of the flower, fruit, and seed; the func¬ 
tions and mode of arrangement of the different organs 
of plants ■, a knowledge of the general principles of 
classification, and of the Linnaean and De Candolle’s 
systems. The candidate must be able to distinguish 
practically between each of the following natural or¬ 
ders :—Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae, Cruciferae, Mal¬ 
vaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Umbelli- 
ferae, Composite, Gentianaceoe, Convolvulaceae, Sola- 
naceae, Atropaceae, Labiatae, Schrophulariaceae, Polygona- 
•ceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae, Iridaceae, Liliaceae, 
Melanthaceas, Graminaceae; and refer to their respec¬ 
tive Orders such specimens as may be shown to him. 
“ Chemistry.—This comprehends an intimate know¬ 
ledge of the laws of chemical philosophy, a practical 
knowledge of the nature and properties of the elements 
and their compounds, both organic and inorganic, espe¬ 
cially those used in medicine or the arts. The different 
combinations and decompositions must be explained by 
equations; also the qualitative analysis of the more im- 
poitant chemicals, e.g. nitrates, chlorides, carbonates, 
sulphates, phosphates, oxalates, tartrates, etc., and the 
detection of impurities in them, and the volumetric esti¬ 
mation of the strength of all pharmacopoeia prepara¬ 
tions in which standard solutions are ordered to be used. 
“ An elementary knowledge of the properties of light,* 
heat, electricity, and magnetism is also required.” 
To come into force, October, 1874. 
Examination Fees. 
Mr. Williams also moved, and Mr. Urwick seconded 
a resolution— 
“ That the consideration of the fees to be paid in 
future by candidates at examinations be remitted to 
the Parliamentary Committee.” 
This was also put and carried. 
On the motion of Mr. Williams, filenames of Messrs. 
Fraser, Greenish and Urwick were added to the Parlia¬ 
mentary Committee. 
Proposed Alterations in the Bye-laws. 
Mr. Hamfson said, in the absence of Mr. Brown, he 
wished to propose a resolution to this effect:— 
“ That no resolution by which the legal position of 
members of the Society, or the legal position of che¬ 
mists and druggists, whether members of the Society 
or not, may be altered, shall be passed at any meet¬ 
ing of the Society unless fourteen days’ previous 
notice shall have been given of the intention to pro¬ 
pose such resolution.” 
Mr. Williams said he was going to propose a resolu¬ 
tion which he thought would render that unnecessary, 
and he would bring it forward now :— 
“ That the Parliamentary Committee be instructed to 
examine the bye-laws generally, and to prepare and 
report upon such alterations as may be deemed ex¬ 
pedient, more especially as regards the conduct of 
the general meetings of the Society.” 
Mr. Urwick seconded this motion, which was carried 
unanimously. 
Elections. 
Pharmaceutical Chemists. 
The following gentlemen, being duly registered as 
Pharmaceutical Chemists, were granted a diploma, 
stamped with the seal of the Society :— 
Butterfield, Edward.London. 
Clarke, George Ernest.Stowmarkct. 
Robertson, F. Freer Leslie.... London. 
Saunders, Thos. Bealby.Cheltenham. 
Associates. 
The following, having passed the Minor examination, 
were elected Associates :— 
Birrell, George.Kensington. 
Buswell, Arthur .Winchester. 
Butler, John Harsant.High Wycombe. 
Chesterton, Wm. Peter .Walsall. 
Crundall, Augustus Horton.... Cirencester. 
Faraker, John Joseph.New Brighton. 
Gatenby, Robert .Beverley. 
Griffiths, Evan.Cardiff. 
Johnson, Fletcher Atkinson ..Driffield. 
Maitland, Pelham Christopher Launceston. 
Parris, Thos. Watkin .Taunton. 
Urwin, Matthew .South Shields. 
Vigis, Joseph Lewis.Shepton Mallet. 
Finance. 
The report of the Finance Committee was received. 
“ The Committee recommended the purchase of £1000 
Stock New Three Per Cents, on the general fund, etc. 
“ Collector for 1873.—Mr. L. S. Hughes was recom¬ 
mended for re-appointment as collector of the subscrip- 
