952 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
[May 31, 1873. 
trifolia, L., a shrubby plant of Guiana and Brazil, 
has an aromatic and acrid root, much prized by the 
nati\ es as a diaphoretic, diuretic, and alexipharmic. 
The leaves of species of Adenandra, a South African 
genus ol plants, having the habit of the common rue, 
are used at the Cape tor the same purposes as those 
of Diosma, while in Australia the leaves of some of 
the species of Correa are used as tea. They are 
handsome, shrubby plants, and are in cultivation in 
greenhouses in this country. 
The genus Zantlioxylum, the type of the tribe Zan- 
thoxylece, has a wide geographical range, and a variety 
oi applications. In India the fruits of Z. alatvm, 
Roxb.,. Z. liastile, Wall., and Z. Budrunga, DC., are 
all articles of the native materia medica. They are 
aromatic and pungent, and are said to possess sto¬ 
machic and carminative properties. Z. Ehetsa, DC., 
a large spreading tree,, growing on the mountainous 
parts of the East Indian coast, has its unripe cap¬ 
sules and small berries of a gratefully aromatic taste, 
somewhat like the skin of a fresh orange, the ripe 
seeds have a pungency somewhat like pepper, and 
the innei bark has an acid bitter taste. The name 
Ehetsa . is said to signify in the Telinga language a 
committee, and alludes to the fact, that under the 
shade of this tree the hill people assemble to de- 
Jiver discourses and to consider and discuss matters 
ol pubiic concern. In China the root of if. nitidum, 
DC., is aromatic,, and is used as a sudorific, emmena- 
gogue, and febrifuge, the leaves also are used as a 
condiment on account of the volatile oil they contain. 
I he fruits of Z.piperitum, DC., are known as Japan 
pepper, they are of an agreeable aromatic flavour. 
In the West Indies , the barks of if. ternata, Desv., 
and Z. Clava-Herculis, L., are regarded as antisyphi- 
litic, and the bitter astringent leaves are used as a 
vulnerary. Z. fraxineum, Willd., is known in Ame¬ 
rica as .the prickly ash or toothache bush, from its 
reputation as a masticatory in curing toothache. The 
3ark is officinal in the United States, and as seen in 
the shops is in small quills varying from a line or 
two to about an inch in diameter. It is of a darkish 
grey colour with occasional lighter patches and covered 
with fine transverse cracks, and in the younger pieces 
the prickles are sometimes remaining. It is light, 
brittle, and has at first a somewhat sweetish aromatic 
taste, which changes, to a bitter acrid flavour; this 
acridity is.extracted either by boiling water or alcohol. 
I he bark is stimulating, producing a sense of heat in 
tlie stomach. It is. also said to be a “powerful sudo- 
rific and diaphoretic, and to have been used success¬ 
fully in paralysis of the muscles of the mouth.” In 
chronic rheumatism it is very highly extolled, and is 
given in the form of a powder, a dose being from ten 
grains to half a drachm repeated three or four times 
a day.. A fluid, extract has likewise been prepared and 
administered in doses of from fifteen to forty-five 
drops. A favourite form of administration, however 
is a decoction prepared by boiling an ounce of the 
bark m three pints of water until it is reduced to a 
quart, a pint of which should be taken in divided 
closes during the twenty-four hours. A tincture made 
rom the berries is sometimes employed as a carmina¬ 
tive m doses of ten to. thirty drops, which can be 
increased if the stimulating effects are desired. 
In New South Wales, Ceijera salicifolia, Schott, a 
moderate-sized tree, is known as the “ Balsam Capivi 
Iree, from the strong flavour of that balsam which 
pervades the bark. I am not aware whether or not 
it is used in medicine, but a good ink is said to be 
prepared from the bark. Esenbeckia febrifuga , Mart., 
or Evodia febrifuga, St. Hil., a native of the forests 
of Brazil, is remarkable for its extremely bitter bark, 
which is used as a tonic and febrifuge ; while Tod- 
dalia aculeata, Pers., a moderate-sized shrub, widely 
dispersed through Tropical Asia, has considerable 
reputation as a stomachic and febrifuge, all parts of 
the plant being used. In India the bark of the root 
is officinal, and is used as an aromatic tonic and sti¬ 
mulant “in constitutional debility and in convales¬ 
cence after febrile and other exhausting diseases.” 
It is given in the forms both of tincture and infu¬ 
sion. The following notes on the value of Toddalia 
root-bark are from the ‘Appendix to the Indian 
Pharmacopoeia “ Strong testimony to the value of 
Toddalia root is borne by Dr. G. Biclie, who states 
that though he. has not employed it as a febrifuge, 
he can speak with confidence as to its great value as a 
stimulant and tonic. Every part of the plant, he 
remarks, has a pungent, bitter taste and a pleasant 
aroma, but these qualities are most marked in the 
root. The dried root-bark is of a yellowish-brown 
colour., and retains its pungency and bitterness for a 
long time. The whole plant possesses active stimu¬ 
lant, carminative, and tonic properties; and he adds 
that he knows of no single remedy in which all 
these three qualities are so happily combined. This 
article possesses additional interest from having been 
identified, by M. Guibourt with Lopez root, which for¬ 
merly enjoyed, considerable repute in Europe as a 
remedy for diarrhoea. Mr. Daniel Hanbury, from 
examination of genuine specimens of the root, con¬ 
firms M. Guibourt’s views.” The natives also pre¬ 
pare a liniment by frying the root and green fruits 
in oil, which they consider good for rheumatism. 
The fresh leaves are likewise eaten raw in stomach 
complaints, and the ripe pungent berries make capital 
pickles... The bark, root, and leaves of Murraya 
Konigii, L.,. a small East Indian tree, are used in 
natfv e practice as a tonic and stomachic : the young 
leaves of this species, as well as those of M. exotica, 
L., are used to flavour curries. In Mauritius the 
latter are said to impart a flavour superior to that of 
bay-leaf, while in India they further have the repu¬ 
tation of aiding digestion. 
The. wood-apple tree, or elephant apple of India, 
Eei onia elepkantum, is the only species of the genus, 
and is common in India, Ceylon, and Java ° The 
fruit is hard and woody, globose, about the size of a 
large orange ; the pulp is used in India in cases of 
dysentery and diarrhoea. The leaves smell like 
anise, and. are. used in native medicine as a stomachic 
and carminative. A decoction of the unripe fruit is 
said to act as. a powerful astringent, and the ripe 
Iruit as an antiscorbutic. A gummy substance flows 
irom the stem when wounded, which is used by 
painters lor mixing with colours, also in dyeing and 
lor making ink and varnish, as well as by brick¬ 
layers in preparing a fine kind of whitewash. This 
gum occurs in irregular, reddish-brown, semi-trans¬ 
parent tears ; powdered and mixed with honey, it is 
used in dysentery and diarrhoea. The Bael fruit 
(/Egle Marmelos, Core.) has been brought into notice 
in. this country recently ; it is imported in slices, 
dried, or in quarters or pieces with the rind still 
attached. The entire fruit is round, somewhat re¬ 
sembling a large, orange. It is officinal in both the 
British and Indian Pharmacopoeias, and is used in 
India “ in atonic diarrhoea and dysentery ; and in 
the advanced stages of those diseases, in irregularity 
