966 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
[May 31, 1873. 
The first of these is generally admitted by psychologists 
.and the third by physiologists. In the consideration of 
the second, Mr. Darwin gives some exceedingly interest¬ 
ing illustrations, the various moods of dogs and cats being 
described with a fidelity which must strike every reader. 
Having given some considerable attention to these three 
principles, he proceeds to consider the expression of the 
various emotions in detail, treating of suffering, anxiety, 
despair, joy, reflection, ill-temper, determination, anger, 
disdain, helplessness, surprise, fear, blushing, etc., etc. 
The chapter on suffering and weeping is illustrated by 
six photographs of children, which are well chosen for the 
purpose, although it must be admitted that they are for 
the most part far from handsome. Indeed, if we do not 
mistake, enlarged copies of the first are now to be seen for 
sale in London, with the title of “ Ginx’s Baby,” perhaps 
bewailing his “ birth and other misfortunes.” 
In this and the next chapter on the more passive forms 
of suffering, the minuteness with w r hich the anatomy of the 
subject is treated is especially noteworthy, the action of 
each muscle concerned being carefully considered and 
ascertained. The author appears to have perfectly suc¬ 
ceeded in confining his attention to one detail after another 
without being distracted by the general effect. The diffi¬ 
culty of this will be seen from the statement which he 
makes in his introduction—that his study of the works of 
painters and sculptors gave him little information, because 
the emotions were almost wholly expressed by skilfully 
given accessories ; and yet everyone will admit that the 
absence of expression by means of the muscles in pictures 
and sculpture is not noticed, the attention being rivetted 
on these accessories. 
While feeling great diffidence in differing from the 
opinion of one who has given so much attention to the 
subject as Mr. Darwin, we cannot avoid the impression 
that the photograph No. 1 on plate vii. does not express 
the emotion of pure astonishment, but rather a mixture of 
that with a sort of unconscious fear. It is that of a man 
who is astonished at something in motion near him, or at 
something which has come rapidly within sight, and the 
hands are raised unconsciously as a protection. The face 
also conveys to us the notion of fear as well as astonish¬ 
ment. Unmixed astonishment, we should rather say, was 
expressed by the whole body becoming fixed, motionless, 
in or nearly in the attitude in which it happened to be 
when the attention was first aroused. As, for example, 
when one is astonished at something easily within sight, 
but not in rapid motion, and not causing any sense of fear. 
Then the mouth is opened slightly, as Mr. Darwin says, 
For silent breathing, and the eyes widely in order to obtain 
a clear view ; but the body and limbs remain “ forgotten 
and neglected.” 
The chapter on self-attention and blushing contains an 
anecdote which is so good that we cannot refrain from 
extracting it :—“ A small dinner-party was given in honour 
of an extremely shy man, who, when he rose to return 
thanks, rehearsed the speech, which he had evidently 
learnt by heart, in absolute silence, and did not utter a 
single word ; but he acted as if he were speaking with 
much emphasis. His friends, perceiving how the case 
stood, loudly applauded the imaginary bursts of eloquence 
whenever his gestures indicated a pause ; and the man 
never discovered that he had remained the whole time 
completely silent. On the contrary, he afterwards re¬ 
marked to a friend, with much satisfaction, that he thought 
he had succeeded uncommonly well.” 
The same chapter is especially interesting on account of 
the important evidence brought forward to show the direct 
action of the mind upon the various organs of the body. 
Taking the book as a whole, we can speak of it only in 
commendation as regards the department of observation ; 
but when Mr. Darwin proceeds to draw inferences from 
his facts, it is at once felt that the solid foundation has 
been left. Much would have been clearer if distinct and 
accurate definitions had been given of terms such as u in¬ 
stinct, ” “innate” etc. But the prominent feeling left in 
the mind of the reader is, that in this book, as in the 
author’s former one, ‘ On the Descent of Man,’ the con¬ 
clusions with reference to the evolution hypothesis are too 
large for the premises. Perhaps even so cautious a 
thinker as Mr. Darwin may have a fixed idea, and bring 
observation afterwards to support it. To say the least of 
it, many readers will probably think with the writer of 
this notice, that the lowest type of man is still removed 
from all other animals by a large space in the scale of 
creation, which is not lessened by this book, and is not 
very satisfactorily accounted for by the evolution hypo¬ 
thesis as at present propounded ; and that the problem of 
the origin of man cannot be discussed with any chance of 
a successful solution while the lower, animal, portion of 
his nature is alone considered, to the exclusion of the 
higher and vastly more important part, his mind. 
“ To matter or to force 
The all is not confined ; 
Beside the law of things 
Is set the law of mind.” 
BOOK RECEIVED. 
Les Plantes Medicinales et Usuelles de nos Champs 
—Jardins,—ForSts. Par H. Rodin. Ordr£ de 117 
Gravures. Paris: J. Rothschild. 1872. From the 
Publisher. 
DMtratl. 
Notice has been received of the death of the following:— 
On the 11th May, 1873, Mr. Gabriel French, Pharma¬ 
ceutical Chemist, of Chatham. Mr. French had been a 
member of the Pharmaceutical Society from its founda¬ 
tion in 1841. 
On the 10th May, 1873, Mr. John Hudson Lewis, 
Chemist and Druggist, of South Street, Cockermouth. 
doles anli fames. 
AERATED WATEBS. —After being engaged in the 
aerated water trade some years, W. Chamberlin has met 
with a difficulty which completely baffles him, and con¬ 
cerning which he would be glad to receive any suggestions. 
When first made the waters appear all that could be de¬ 
sired, but after a few days small particles of a white floc- 
culent matter are to be seen which gradually increase, and 
especially in the lemon and soda appear like bread crumbs. 
When opened all the aroma of either lemon or ginger is 
entirely gone, and after standing a short time, the water 
becomes fetid. The machine is certified to be in perfect 
working order, and the water is filtered through one of the 
London Water Purifying Company’s filters. 
[Probably the water used is not free from organic con¬ 
tamination.—E d. Pharm. Journ.] 
DISCOLOURED PRINTS.— G. C. would be glad to 
hear of a method by which the brown tint acquired by 
prints and books through age can be removed. 
PRESERVATION OF HYPODERMIC SOLU¬ 
TIONS.—Professor C. Johnston, of Baltimore, suggests 
(. Amer. Journ. Pharm. May, 1873) the use of sulphurous 
acid in preparing solution of morphia for hypodermic use. 
He states that he has carried in his pocket for a month a 
half-ounce vial of a solution (1 in 30), to which sulphurous 
acid had been added in the proportion of from three to 
five drops to the fluid ounce, and at the end of that time 
the fluid was clear and free from any fungous formation. 
Professor Johnston also says that in use he has found such 
a solution to be as little painful as the ordinary one of 
Magendie, and but very little more so than the simple 
aqueous solution. 
