68 JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. [ January 25, 1883. 
have been 13 acre?, but it far exceeded this at one time. The kitchen 
garden used to cover 3 or 4 acres, and may do so now, and used to be 
famous for the abundance and excellence of its fruit and vegetables. 
Cardinal Pole is believed to have planted certain Fig trees, which 
formerly grew against that part of the building, with the foundation 
of which he is accredited. Mr. Allen says that they ‘ are of the 
white Marseilles sort, and still bear delicious fruit.’ When Allen 
wrote, however, Lambeth was hardly the Lambeth of to-day. The 
smoke demon had hardly overspread the place as he has now, and if 
Cardinal Pole’s Fig trees were still in their prime they would, we 
fear, hardly be very famous as fruit-bearers. There were two of 
them, and Mr. Timbs, in his ‘ Curiosities of London,’ says that they 
were more than 50 feet in height and 40 in breadth, and one of 
them was 28 inches in circumference, and the other 21 inches. They 
had to be removed during the rebuilding of a part of the Palace, 
but they are, we believe, represented still by young trees propa¬ 
gated from them, and still growing between the buttresses of the 
library. There used to be in a small private garden attached to the 
Palace a third Fig tree, traditionally asserted to have been planted by 
Cardinal Pole like the other two. Whether that, too, has disappeared 
we are unable to say. Another feature of the grounds here, which 
used at one time to attract considerable attention, was a curiously 
constructed summer house, said to have been built or designed by 
Dr. John Ponet, chaplain to one of the Archbishops, and who seems 
to have been something of a genius this way. It was a wooden 
fabric standing a short distance from the Palace, and was repeatedly 
patched and repaired by Archbishop Parker. At length, however, 
it fell into such decay that it had to be cleared off. The garden has 
suffered a good deal in many ways. In 1779 a terrific storm threw 
down three chimneys from the Palace and tore off a great part of the 
roof, while in the grounds no less than seventeen large timber trees 
were uprooted. Then the embanking of the Thames took off a slice, 
which unfortunately included the famous ‘ Bishop’s Walk,’ with its 
fine row of Elm trees, beneath which crusaders and monks, priests 
and princes, had strolled and chatted century after century. After 
all curtailments, however, it was stated the other day at the Metro¬ 
politan Board of Works that the gardens and the meadow at the 
back of the Palace still measured about 21 acres in extent.” 
MAKING AND RENOVATING LAWNS. 
(Continued from page 48.) 
The lawn set apart solely for ornament should be on that side 
or front of the mansion or building it adjoins which is least liable 
to have its privacy interrupted. It should also be in the position 
with the best aspect for viewing distant objects, whether park, 
woodland scenery, or cultivated ground. A hedge or fence of any 
kind as a boundary is most objectionable, but as some means of 
separation is absolutely necessary a flat-bar iron fence is the best, 
as a sunk fence is now seldom formed. It should not be inter¬ 
sected by walks, but if one be absolutely necessary it should be 
taken directly across it and parallel with the line of the building, 
at a distance from the latter equal to the height from the base to 
the eaves, which will admit of the building being viewed from the 
walk at a favourable angle— i.c., 45°. It is desirable in most 
cases to have the lawn with a gentle slope from the building, 
which allows of the latter being seen to the best advantage, and 
the objects or prospect from it are observed most effectively. 
The Surroundings or a Lawn.—I f the lawn terminate in 
park scenery, broad expanses of green sward, flat or undulating, 
with trees, mostly deciduous, having umbrageous heads, as Oak, 
Elm, Limes, Beech, and Chestnut, and such smaller trees as 
Thorn, Beam, Mountain Ash, and Wild Cherry, with Holly and 
Yew as evergreens, Alders, Willows, and Poplars being employed 
in low wet positions or for skirting streams ; with Oak on the 
deepest and best soil, knolls supporting Crabs, Thoms, &c., associ¬ 
ated with Holly and Yew, the higher eminences capped with 
Tines, and the declivities with Spruce ; but whilst the park trees 
are chiefly of an indigenous character, nearer home exotic trees 
may be employed with advantage, yet not to the extent of form¬ 
ing a distinct feature. I do not mean that because the park trees 
are principally Oak, See., that those ought to be continued right 
up to the building to the exclusion of other trees; nevertheless, an 
Oak would be the fittest and most effective object that could be 
employed for the lawn at one or both flanks of the building, and 
for the front too if the building recede in any part of its frontage. 
The stately forms of deciduous trees harmonise better with a 
building at all seasons than monotonous tapering Conifers, the 
majestic Cedar of Lebanon alone excepted. With park scenery 
comprised of the commonest trees, a Holly or Yew is more in 
character in the foreground than any exotic, simply because they 
harmonise with the adjoining scenery. It is not intended that 
because there be Oak it must not be associated with the other 
varieties and species of the genus ; that having Beech the Purple 
and Fern-leaved must be excluded, and so on with Elms and 
Maples, for to do so would be to lose much beauty inseparable 
from variety and contrast both of form and colour. 
In case the ground slope from the building and is terminated 
by a hollow, advantage should be taken of this where there is a 
proper supply of water to convert it into a pond, widened stream, 
or lake, as the extent of the hollow and supply of water will 
admit. If there be a constant supply of water so as to admit of 
the formation of a waterfall or cascade the lower end may be 
formed of rock ; and being formed of boulders bedded in and 
coated with cement so as to resemble natural rock, it will have 
an effective appearance when seen obliquely, as it should be, from 
the principal point of view, the sides of the fall or cascade being 
planted with dwarf evergreens, such as Rhododendron ponticum 
associated with Ferns at the foot of the rock. If the view 
beyond the water extend in park or other scenery, trees or shrubs 
should be introduced sparingly if at all, and when employed 
should be in keeping with that of the scenery beyond ; but if it 
be near cultivated ground the planting at the back must be more 
liberal, and, whilst not entirely closing the view in that direction, 
will considerably modify the formal aspect. If on the other hand, 
it is inadvisable to continue the view beyond the water, then with 
as large a grass margin as the ground admits of, a background 
of such shrubs and trees as are adapted for low ground if flat; or 
if it rise more or less abruptly, commence with such plants as 
Rhododendrons disposed in groups irregularly, associated with 
Conifers (Abies, including Piceas) that thrive in moist soil ; and 
as a higher elevation is reached Pinuses should be disposed in 
masses of one kind with Larches and Scotch Fir. 
In case of the building being situated on the side or at the foot 
of a hill, the ground sloping from it more or less regularly, or it 
may be abruptly, to a ravine or wooded valley with a stream of 
water at the bottom, the treatment will be of a more difficult 
description than in any of the foregoing, as indeed it will excel in 
interest and beauty from the greater variety and extent of view. 
When the ground slopes gradually from the principal point of 
view to the stream it will be well to continue the lawn if it can 
be seen down to the water and continue it on the other side, so as 
to show the water to the best advantage and for the display of 
trees on the margins. If at the entrance of the stream from 
the wooded sides of the ravine to the grassy plain it can be made 
to form a waterfall, it ought to be done. 
If the ground is very abrupt, so as to prevent any great extent 
of visible lawn being formed from the principal point of view, 
then it will suffice to form so much as can be readily seen, and 
form at this point that which is to be the foreground to the tops 
of the trees below and beyond. These of necessity must be low, 
but of different heights, so as to give the whole a tufted appear¬ 
ance, harmonising with that of the trees below ; for however 
wooded a valley may be, the trees forming it will have attained 
to different heights. If the view beyond the wooded valley be 
that of cultivated land distinguished by hedgerows with farm¬ 
steads, then it will first be essential to so plant the sides as to 
break the monotony of the lines of fence, and this more particu¬ 
larly next the wood, disposing them so as to have a harmonising 
effect. With a farmstead so situated as to form an object of 
interest and beauty it should be made to stand out prominently 
by planting trees at the back and sides, and be seen through a 
vista by allowing the trees on the margin of the wood to be of 
a low or shrubby character, or, better still, let the homestead be 
seen across green pastures.—G. Abbey. 
(To be continued.) 
MARECHAL NIEL ROSES. 
I find this fine Rose succeeds very well on the Briar stock ; 
and if I want to raise any, all I have to do is to plant Briars 
against a south wall, and have them budded there. In fine 
seasons like we had some years ago they did pretty well budded 
in the open garden, but have not done so lately. The severe 
winters of a few years back were very trying. I have had large 
trees with as many as two hundred fine blooms all out at one time 
against the house ; but they were much injured by the severe frost, 
and either died or had to be cut back, but I have young ones 
coming on to supply their places. In the absence of any very 
severe frost they have a tendency to get bare at the lower part of 
the tree, and should be cut back and started again, or Briars 
planted to be budded and take the place after a while of the old. 
It is not too late to move Briars now for that purpose.— Amateur, 
Cirencester. 
Culture op Hydrangeas. —Mr. A. Young has given some very 
good hints on the culture of this useful plant, but I think he has 
omitted one important point in its cultivation—namely, disbudding 
