484 JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
besides which there is not now so much necessity for sowing either 
white Swedes or late sowing for spring food for sheep, because Man¬ 
golds are now generally adopted for late feeding in connection with a 
change to Rye and the water meadows where available. We earnestly 
recommend sheep farmers to look more to Mangolds than they have 
hitherto done, because if Mangold roots are properly stored for the 
winter there need not be any late root-feeding of Swedes to hinder 
the sowing of Lent corn, which is frequently the case, and sometimes 
proves fatal to a profitable crop of Lent corn, and of Barley especially. 
It is true that after feeding late Swedes it is customary to sow 
common Turnips, and then follow with Wheat after feeding off the 
Turnips with sheep ; but it must be remembered that two years’ root 
crops bring a heavy charge against the rotation in rent, rates, 
and tithes. Where the land is strong the season has been very 
favourable for operations on the land, whether it is cultivated as a 
naked fallow or sown with Mustard or other green crops for ploughing 
in. If the soil is light and sandy, the succession of green crops 
ploughed in will not destroy the white-rooted couch, although it will 
the twitch or water grass, which runs and roots on the surface almost 
entirely; therefore, upon any land green crops ploughed in may be 
adopted as the best plan for cleaning the land and manuring it at the 
same time ; and this is a most desirable and beneficial mode of 
management upon outlying fields and farthest away from the farm¬ 
yard. It is most beneficial under any circumstances to drill 2 or 
3 cwt. of bone superphosphate with any of our root crops if the land 
is ever so high in condition, because it is one of the securities in 
favour of obtaining a full plant of roots by driving them out of the 
way or reach of the numerous enemies in their first leaves and early 
growth. Horse-hoeing must now be followed up every day where 
the roots like Mangold, Carrots, Ac., are forward enough. The 
Potatoes, Beans, and Peas, also should be horse-hoed, and where 
lumps of couch are seen they should be forked out by women before 
the horse-hoeing is done. For horse-hoeing a good substitute is the 
use of a mule or quick-stepping ox, for either of these where accus¬ 
tomed to the work do not tread on the plants so much as horses, 
especially heavy cart-horses. 
Hand Labour. —Hand-hoeing the Potatoes, Beans, Peas, Mangolds, 
Carrots, Cabbages, and Kohl-Rabi must now be proceeded with, 
also thin Wheat where drilled at 10 or 12 inches between the rows. 
L°nt corn also where drilled wide enough. We have seen much 
Charlock in some fields. The plan is for men to hoe (or else horses) 
between the rows, and women to hand-pull in the rows. The weed¬ 
ing machine drawn by a horse will pull the Charlock capitally without 
injury to the corn, if done at the right time; in fact, hand labour, 
especially by women, in some districts is so scarce, that machine- 
weeding has become a necessity in various emergencies. In wet or 
showery weather some men may now be employed in drawing straw 
and piling it in readiness for thatching the hayricks. This saves 
labour at the busiest times either in hay time or harvest. The sites 
for ricks, too, should be fixed and decided on, so that the brushwood 
bavins, Ac., may be carted to the spot, when the horses may be 
driven off the fallow lands by showery weather. 
Live Stock .—The lambs must now be weaned on the hill farms, and 
it is best to take the ewes away from the lambs and feed them out of 
hearing of each other; besides which if the lambs are left in the field 
or fields to which they have been lately accustomed, they will not be 
so likely to become dissatisfied or break fold and fence as when they 
are taken from the ewes and driven to a strange field. The dairy 
cows are now for the most part in full mills, and as the grass on the 
arable land is abundant, as well as the green fodder crops, the cows 
will pay better to have a bait of green fodder at milking time both 
night and morning, either of Yetches, Trifolium and Rye, but 
especially is this desirable in cases where pastures are fed bare or 
their run circumscribed, with but little change of fields. The oxen 
and steers will now be turned out entirely on the best grazing farms, 
and in some cases they will pay for a little cake meal given with a 
small quantity of cut Mangolds mixed in the troughs to prevent 
waste. The herdsman, too, should take care to turn the trough 
upside down when the roots and cake is eaten, which is not many 
minutes about where the animals are accustomed to it. The working 
oxen and farm-horses should all be fed at the stables and houses or 
sheds. An old barn makes excellent accommodation for working 
bullocks. We advocate that the oxen should be kept under cover as 
well as the horses, and fed at the rack, it being a manure question 
sometimes, not with the same food exactly, but at the same expense 
or cost, and by this means not nearly so many will be required as 
when four or six are put to one plough, for really upstanding Here¬ 
ford or Sussex cattle if well kept will nearly go the pace of some 
horses. We know farms, where kept in the liberal manner we have 
named, only two oxen are put to one plough in ordinary summer 
fallow work, and do nearly as much in a day as some horses. For we 
think that with four or more animals to the plough they impede each 
other in some cases. 
CRYSTAL PALACE GOAT SHOW. 
The Exhibition of Goats held last week at the Crystal Palace 
under the auspices of the British Goat Society, gave evident proof of 
the progress that has been made in Goat culture since the last Show 
of this kind held there in 1876. The class for males with horns was 
probably the best yet seen, the first prizewinner being a large 
Dutch specimen with a good head and horns, and the second a fine, 
upstanding, young English “ Billy ” of two years, which has yet to 
grow and develope in size. The she Goats were divided into long¬ 
haired and short-haired, horned and hornless. Amongst the first 
the most remarkable was an imported Pyrenean, with long upright 
horns, the largest she Goat probably ever introduced into this 
country. It won first prize without any difficulty, and created so 
much admiration that the owner was repeatedly offered high prices 
to induce him to part with it, refusing on one occasion £20. Some 
fine specimens were exhibited in the Champion and Hornless classes 
by the Baroness Burdett Coutts, which took prizes in each case. By 
the side of these were some handsome little kids, a cross between 
their English and Nubian dams and an Angora sire, highly com¬ 
mended in the male class. These kids, which are quite white, show 
the lop ears of the Angora, but do not as yet exhibit the curly coat 
of the Mohair breed. Some curious young animals were shown, 
which took respectively second and third prizes. These were a pair 
of imported Nubians, jet black, with wavy coats, long silky pendulous 
ears, and Roman noses. As many of the best milkers that have 
been exhibited are crossed with this variety, the introduction of 
these, the first pure specimens of the kind, may be hailed with 
satisfaction. The Rev. Rees Mogg showed also some curious animals 
bred from Indian parents, which were not, however, prizewinners. 
There were three prizes offered for the best milkers, but only four 
Goats were entered for this competition. The first prize was won 
by the Pyrenean Goat shown by Mr. E. Dormer of 74, Grosvenor 
Mews, which gave 5 tbs. 14 ozs. in two milkings. The second-prize 
was an Irish Goat, exhibited by Mr. H. S. Holmes Pegler, which 
was also second in her class, and gave 3 tbs. 12 ozs. The third-prize 
was a cross-bred English and Abyssinian, a little Goat, with a 
beautifully shaped udder, that gave 3 tbs. 4 ozs. The total number 
of Goats exhibited was seventy-nine. 
OUR LETTER BOX. 
Clotted Cream (R. R. O.).— It maybe male as follows :—Take four quarts 
of new milk fresh from the cow, put it in a broad earthen pan, and let it stand 
till the next day ; then put it over a very slow fire for half an hour, make it 
nearly hot to cream, then put it away till it is cold, take the cream off, and beat 
it smoothly with a spoon. A method of making cream cheese was published on 
page 462, last week. 
Food for Cattle (IF. R. S .).—The following from an article in these 
pages upon the above subject (June 3rd, 1880) will probably answer your 
purpose :—Many experiments have been made with the view of ascertaining 
the amount of food required to produce a certain quantity of fat; but although 
nothing like definite results has been obtained, it has, however, been shown 
that 150 lbs. of Swedes given in the open air produced 1 fb. of mutton, the 
same result being produced respectively by 100 lbs. of Swedes given under cover 
of a shed, 12 lbs. of good clover hay, 8 lbs. of beans, 6 lbs. of peas, or 6 lbs. of 
linseed cake, and 4 J lbs. of cake and peas or beaus combined. Experiments 
have also shown that it is impossible to fatten any animal on linseed cake, or 
profitably on dry food alone as a rule. Mr. Lawes tried to do so, and the 
results were decidedly unfortunate, even when combined with chaff. All 
experiments, however, point to the fact that a mixture of linseed cake and 
peas or beaus have produced the most profitable results. In some instances 
barley and oats have produced greater results than beans, but that depended 
upon the condition of the animal, beans and cake containing something like 
double tte quantity of nitrogen or albumen, the flesh-making properties of food, 
as compared with barley or oats ; therefore, when an animal was in an advanced 
stage of fatness food containing a less proportion of albumen would suffice. 
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 
Camden Square, London. 
Lat. 51° 32' 40" N.; Long. 0° 8' 0" W.; Altitude, 111 feet. 
date. 
9 A.M. 
IN THE DAY. 
£ 
*5 
w 
1883. 
May. 
June. 
Barome¬ 
ter at 32« 
and Sea 
Level 
Hygrome¬ 
ter. 
Direction 
of Wind. 
| l'emp.of 
Soil at 
1 foot. 
Shade Tem¬ 
perature. 
Radiation 
Temperature. 
Dry. 
Wet. 
Max. 
Min. 
In 
sun. 
On 
grass. 
Inches. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
deg. 
In. 
Sun. 27 
29.9113 
55.5 
53.8 
N.E. 
56 5 
65.3 
47.8 
98.4 
45.0 
— 
Mon. 28 
30.075 
59.7 
53.6 
55.4 
69.0 
42.7 
113.5 
38.4 
— 
Tues. 29 
30.026 
63.6 
58.7 
S.E. 
. 6.2 
70.6 
49.6 
121.6 
45.7 
_ 
Wed. 30 
30.207 
57.7 
51.3 
N.W. 
56.3 
70.6 
47.2 
121 0 
43.9 
_ 
Thnrs. 31 
3 '.217 
55.6 
51.7 
N. 
56.6 
71.7 
44.9 
118 4 
40.0 
_. 
Friday 1 
30.0.58 
61.4 
53.9 
E. 
5^8 
72.6 
43.7 
115.0 
38.0 
_ 
Satur. 2 
30.107 
65.3 
58.» 
N.W. 
57.2 
75.8 
48.0 
121.1 
42.3 
— 
30.098 
60.3 
54.1 
56.4 
70.8 
46.3 
115.6 
41.9 
— 
REMARKS. 
27tli.—Dull morning, fine afternoon, and evening very calm. 
28tli.—Fine and bright, cool wind. 
29th.—Fine generally, very calm, overcast at times. 
30th.—Fair, with a good deal of fog or smoke to the S.E. 
31st.—Hazy and dull in morning, afterwards fine and blight. 
1st.—Fine, bright, and calm. 
2nd.—Fine and warm. 
A very flue week, not quite as warm as the previous one, 1 nt still above the 
average.—G. J. Symons. 
