June 14, 1S83. ] 
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 
505 
as to cut the stook any more until til's flow lias somewhat subsided, 'this 
pricking will not, from the smallness of the incision, do much harm to the plant, 
but injury would assuredly result were the cut to be enlarged, as would be 
required in grafting; while from the amount of bleeding and the presence of 
extravasated sap the union could not, under such circumstances, take place.” 
The scion must be much later than the stock. The method of securing the 
grafts is illustrated in the work just referred to, and reproduced in this Journal 
on page 181, March 1st, 1883. 
Transplanting Fruit Trees C Idem). —If the trees are young, healthy, 
and well rooted, and the season is conducive to their free growth, they may be 
grafted the spring following the autumn in which they were planted ; it is 
customary, however, not to graft transplanted trees until the second year after 
their removal. The question can only be rightly decided by the condition of 
the trees. In reference to your last question you cannot do better than write 
to Messrs. Lejeune & Perken, 24, Hatton Garden, London, and state your 
requirements. We think they will be able to supply you with what you need. 
Names of Plants (A. H .).—Although the specimens were not numbered, 
yon will know to which the names refer. Pinguicula vulgaris (Butterwort), the 
succulent alpine ; Pedicularis sylvestris, common Lousewort.; Polygala vulgaris, 
common Milkwort. This plant varies very much in colour from the most in- 
tensest blue to almost pure white. It is common in many places, but we never 
saw it more plentiful than on the Wiltshire Downs a short time back in all its 
various shades of colour. ( L. 11 .).—Carex paludosa, Marsh Sedge ; the specimen 
with yellow flowers is Geum urban run, yellow Avens or Herb Bennet. (D. 7’.).— 
1, Papaver nudicaule ; 2, Chelidonium majus ; 3, Funkia undulata variegata; 
4, insufficient. (W. J .).—Streptocarpus biflorus. (Rev. A. if.).—1, Dendrobium 
Parishi; 2, Maxillaria tenuifolia. (If. C. Kippax). —1, Pavia flava ; 2, Ptelia 
trifoliata ; 3, Potentilla anserina ; 4, Alopecurus pratensis ; 5, Melica; G, An- 
thoxanthum odoratum. (X. Y. Z.). —Cerasus Padus, the Bird Cherry, which 
can be obtained of any of the principal nurserymen who make a speciality of 
trees and shrubs. (J. (?.).—The fleshy-leaved plant is a very healthy example of 
Kleinia repens; the other Alternanthera magnifica. (E. A'.).—Fraxinus Ornus, 
the Manna Ash; see reply above. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET— JUNE 13th. 
Our market has been well supplied with all classes of goods, and prices gene¬ 
rally have been easier. Outdoor Strawberries being backward, house fruit have 
well maintained their value. 
FRUIT. 
s. d. s. d. 
Apples. i sieve 2 oto7 o 
,, .per barrel 20 0 40 o 
Apricots. box 2 0 2 6 
Cherries. i sieve 0 0 0 0 
Chestnuts. bushel 0 0 0 0 
C urrants, Black.. ( sieve 0 0 0 0 
,, Red.... j sieve 0 0 0 0 
Figs. dozen 4 0 6 0 
Filberts. lb. 0 0 0 0 
Cobs. 100 tb. 0 0 0 0 
Gooseberries .... (sieve 3 6 4 6 
s. d. s. d 
Grapes . Ib. 2 0to6 0 
Lemons. case 10 0 20 0 
Nectarines. dozen 9 0 18 0 
Oranges . 100 6 0 10 0 
Peaches . dozen 9 0 18 0 
Pears,kitchen .. dozen 0 0 0 0 
dessert. dozen 0 0 0 0 
Pine Apples, English tb. 4 0 5 0 
Raspberries. lb. 0 0 0 0 
Strawberries .... lb. 2 0 6 0 
VEGE1 ABLES. 
s. d. s. d. 
Artichokes. dozen 2 0to4 0 
Asparagus, English bundle 3 0 6 0 
Asparagus, French bundle 2 0 0 0 
Beans,Kidney .... 100 1 0 2 6 
Beet,Red. dozen 10 2 0 
Broccoli. bundie 0 9 16 
Cabbage. dozen 0 6 10 
Capsicums. 100 1 6 2 0 
Carrots . bunch 0 4 0 0 
Cauliflowers. dozen 2 0 3 0 
Celery. bundle 16 2 0 
Coleworts....doz. bunches 2 0 4 0 
Cucumbers. each 0 4 0 6 
Endive. dozen l o 2 0 
Fennel. bunch 0 3 0 0 
Herbs . bunch o s 0 0 
Leeks . bunch 0304 
Lettuces . score 10 16 
s. d. s. d 
Mushrooms .punnet 1 0 to 1 6 
Mustard* Cress .. punnet 0 2 0 3 
Onions. bushel 2 6 3 6 
Parsley. doz.bunches 3 0 4 0 
Parsnips. dozen 10 2 0 
Peas . quart 2 0 0 0 
Potatoes, New .... lb. 0 2 04 
Potatoes. cwt. 6 0 10 0 
Kidney. cwt. 6 0 10 0 
Radishes.... doz. bunches 10 0 0 
Rhubarb. bundle 0 4 0 0 
Salsafy. bundle 10 0 0 
Scorzonera . bundle 16 0 0 
Seakale . basket 0 0 0 0 
Shallots. It. (i 3 0 0 
Spinach . bushel 2 6 3 0 
Tomatoes . lb. 1 0 0 0 
Turnips . bunch 0 2 0 3 
POULTRY AND PIGEON CHRONICLE. 
HAY-SAVING BY MACHINERY. 
( Continued fro m page 4S3.) 
Mr. Neilson’s system, to wliicli we have referred incidentally in 
the course of our observations, deserves to be fully explained, 
especially as he was the originator of the plan of securing hay by 
the use of the fan for exhaustion of heat in the stack, and thus 
keeping it under control. It is generally admitted by those who 
have adopted the system that it has answered their purpose, and 
that failures which may have occurred has been in consequence of 
neglect or ignorance of the details as stated by the originator, and 
sometimes by an attempt to improve upon it by expecting the 
exhaust fan to remove the water when the hay has been stacked 
whilst wet with rain. 
Mr. Neilson’s buildings were used as a double or single range of 
sheds upon the principle of what is commonly called the Dutch 
barn. The shed is a single-span iron harvesting shed 90 feet long 
by 20 feet wide by 11 feet high to eaves, for harvesting four stacks 
20 feet by 20 feet. An underground pipe of earthenware is laid, 
so that it may be used for a single or double row of sheds or barns, 
from which branches connect the bosses or centres to each stack 
of 20 feet by 20 feet and the air vault under the exhaust fan at the 
end of the shed or sheds, because one is made to operate upon 
four or eight stacks as in the case of single or double row of sheds. 
There is a damper with rod to open or close at each boss or iron 
centre structure to each stack. Ventilators are also attached to 
the roof of the shed exactly over the centre of each stack. Where 
a number of stacks are built each in connection with one system 
of earthenware piping a powerful fan for steam, water, or horse 
power will be required capable of exhausting 108,000 cubic feet of 
air per hour when going at 4500 revolutions per minute, with iron 
knee pipe for connecting with air vault or direct to the underground 
pipe. This statement shows what would be required in case of a 
largo growth of hay near to the homestead; but this entails an 
extra amount of work and cartage if grown on some distant fields 
or meadows, and at the busiest and most important juncture when 
every hour connected with hay-saving is of the utmost consequence. 
We must also allude to the plan used for operating on stacks made 
on the ground under ordinary circumstances and in situations 
nearest to, or in the field, where the hay is produced. In this case 
a wooden sliute or pipe is laid on the ground, one end terminating 
in the cavity which may be made without difficulty by drawing a 
sack stuffed with straw upwards as the stack is being made, and 
the operating fan is connected with the sliute by an iron knee- 
pipe. 
We must now consider whether the heating of hay in the stack 
is desirable or otherwise. Upon this point we have no hesitation 
in saying that hay grown for sale may with advantage be subjected 
to a slight heat in the rick, so that it may truss out closely, and 
thereby be handled in trussing and loading without waste. By 
purchasers in general the fact of the hay being slightly heated is 
approved, principally by reason of its possessing more or less of a 
very taking and pleasant aroma, and if the colorn- is merely nut- 
brown buyers usually prefer it in that condition. We cannot, how¬ 
ever, ignore the facts presented to us by chemical analysts and 
scientists that when we require hay for use on the home farm and 
gentlemen’s establishments for then- hunters or carriage horses it is 
objectionable ; for we feel assured that although heated hay may 
possess an agreeable aroma, and be readily eaten by animals, yet 
analysis proves that the cause of heating in the stack is the 
presence of starch and sugar in the hay, combined with more or 
less moisture. This produces fermentation, and during the process 
a certain amount of the starch and sugar, and, therefore, the 
nutritious property of the hay, is lost, so much so that it has been 
ascertained by analysis that in some ricks all the sugar has been 
dissipated and passed off in the form of acetic acid, which is 
usually present in hay to a considerable extent. 
Let us now refer to the point of temperature to which a rick will 
reach before spontaneous combustion takes place; but this is by 
no means certain under varying circumstances, and authorities 
differ on this point. Mr. Neilson, in one of his late experiments on 
the regulation of the temperature in hay ricks by the use of the 
exhaust fans, allowed a rick to take fire purposely, and he gives 
200° as the temperature to which it attained. On the other hand, 
some careful experiments reported in a German agricultural paper 
went to show that the temperature reached was nearer 500° than 
200°. The truth, however, may be probably somewhere between 
the two, and that Mr. Neilson’s thermometer did not reach the 
hottest portion of the stack. It is, however, immaterial, we think, 
