July 23, 1870.] 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
69 
Braddock, Henry.Oldham. 
Butterworth, Albert.Sowerby. 
Reinhardt, William Tynedale. . Leeds. 
Habgood, Henry ...Wells. 
Ball, George .... .Ormskixk. 
Williams, John Havard.London. 
Broad, John Morris.Hornsey Rise. 
Butterfield, Edward.London. 
Iveightley, Joseph ..Tunstall. 
The above names are arranged in order of merit. 
EXAMINATION IN EDINBURGH. 
July 1 1th, 1870. 
Present—Messrs. Buchanan, 
The following passed their respective Examinations :— 
MAJOR (registered as a Pharmaceutical Chemist). 
Howie, William Lamond ... Edinburgh. 
MINOR (registered as Chemists and Druggists). 
The names are arranged in order of merit. 
Robinson, James.Darlington. 
Hay, James Henry.. ..Macduff. 
Todrick, William .Edinburgh. 
MODIFIED (registered as Chemists and Druggists). 
Bates, John Freer...Manchester. 
Clark, Simon Prince...Glasgow. 
PRELIMINARY (registered as Apprentices or 
Students). 
Clark, Adam Douglas .Kelso. 
Gardner, Robert.Kelso. 
Graham, John..Dumfries. 
Three candidates were unsuccessful in the Minor Ex¬ 
amination, and one candidate failed to pass the Prelimi¬ 
nary Examination. 
Errata in List of Local Secretaries. —P. 30, col. 1, for 
“ Dorchester . . .Evans, Alfred,” read “ Dorchester . . . 
Evans, Alfred John;” p. 31, col. l,for “Neath ... Hibbert, 
William,” read “Neath . .. Hibbert, Walter.” 
fittings of SmMws. 
PARIS.—SOCIETE DE PHARMACIE. 
Is? June, 1870. 
M. Mialhe, President. 
The death of M. Leroux, the discoverer of Salicine, 
and one of the oldest correspondents of the Society, was 
announced. He was seventy-five. 
M. Poggiale presented a note on the preparation of 
bromhydrate of quinine and cinchonine by M. Latour. 
M. L. Soubeiran gave expression to his sense of the 
sympathy manifested by the Pharmaceutical Society of 
Great Britain, and of the cordial manner in which he 
had been received by the Society on the occasion of his 
recent visit to London. 
MM. Boudet and Poggiale referred to the recent dis¬ 
cussion in the Academie de Medecine respecting the “for¬ 
tification” of wines. 
The proposition made by M. Cap to form a French 
Pharmaceutical Association by affiliating the provincial 
societies to the Societe de Pharmacie de Paris, was re¬ 
ported upon and discussed. It was not, however, 
adopted. 
THE PRESENT PROSPECTS OF THE SEWAGE 
QUESTION IN RELATION TO THE PUBLIC 
HEALTH. 
BY HENRY LETHEBY, ESQ., M.B. 
{Lead before the Metropolitan Association of Medical Officers 
of Health, May 21, 1870.) 
{Concluded from p. 50.) 
4. There is another very important objection to sewage 
irrigation — the danger of propagating parasitic dis¬ 
eases. Sewage contains myriads of ova of intestinal en- 
tozoa—every segment of a tape-worm discharged from 
the human body is crowded with them; and if distributed 
with sewage upon the land will become attached to the 
grass and other green fodder which is produced thereon. 
This is eaten by cattle, whose bodies quickly become in¬ 
fected with the parasite in its larval condition, and thus 
the measly meat becomes the agent of disease in our own 
bodies. At present, the distribution of these ova, and 
their access to the bodies of herbivorous animals, is en¬ 
tirely a matter of accident; but make it a matter of cer¬ 
tainty, as most assuredly you will by distributing sewage 
upon the fodder-producing land, and the consequences 
must be serious. Dr. Cobbold, who is our highest au¬ 
thority on this subject, has published an essay to warn 
the public against the danger of this method of disposing 
of town sewage; and he has hinted at the probable in¬ 
troduction into this country of a terrible helminthic 
malady {Bilharzia), which is now common in Egypt, in 
Africa, and the Mauritius, and would assuredly be 
propagated throughout the land by this dangerous scheme 
of irrigation. “Have the kindness,” he says, “to ob¬ 
serve that every colonist returning from the Cape is 
liable to bring this parasitic treasure with him as a 
‘ guest’ indeed, dwelling in his blood, and feeding on his 
life stream. In the advanced stages of the malady, the 
afflicted individual must frequently evacuate the eggs 
and their contained embryonic larvae, which are thus 
conveyed into the ordinary receptacles of such voidings. 
There let them remain, or convey them into a cesspool, 
and no harm follows. If deemed preferable, you may 
transport them, along with myriads of other human pa¬ 
rasite eggs and larvae, into a common sewer, and thence 
into the sea; still, entozoologically speaking, no harm 
follows. Here, however, let me invite you to pause; for 
if, without due consideration, you adopt any one of the 
gigantic schemes now in vogue, you will scatter these 
eggs far and wide; you will spread them over thousands 
of acres of ground; you will place the larvae in those 
conditions which are known to be eminently favourable 
for the development of their next stage of growth; you 
will bring the latter in contact with land and water snails, 
into whose bodies they will speedily penetrate; and, in 
short, you will place them in situations where their yet 
higher gradations of non-sexual growth and propagation 
will be arrived at. After all these changes, there is every 
reason to believe that they will experience no greater 
difficulty in gaining access to our bodies here in England 
than obtains in the case of those same parasites attack¬ 
ing our fellow-creatures, whose residence is found in 
Egypt, in Natal, in the Mauritius, or at the Cape. In a 
natural history point of view, it would not be an altoge¬ 
ther singular result, if, twenty years hence, this parasitic 
malady should be as prevalent in this country as it is 
now known to be in particular sections of the African 
continent. Foreseeing the possibility, not to say proba¬ 
bility, of this contingency, am I not right,” he says, 
“ after years of long study, to raise my voice in the hope 
of preventing such a disaster ?” 
Nor is it unlikely that the Trichina may be distri¬ 
buted in the same manner, for it swarms in the intestines 
of those who have just become infected with it, and may 
be discharged into sewage, and scattered upon the land, 
and eaten by creatures whose flesh will give it back to 
us again. No one, indeed, but the helminthologist can 
