90 
THE PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS. 
[July SO, 1879. 
Determination of Salts by incineration. The further 
examination of the ash showed that it contained, like the 
ash of pure cow’s milk, upwards of 40 per cent, of phos¬ 
phates, and that one-half consisted of potash, soda, lime, 
and sulphates. 
The amount of sugar in the samples varied between 
25 and 30 per cent.; the amount of milk sugar, between 
14 and 18 per cent. 
The following table gives the general results:— 
I. 
Cham. 
II. 
Sassin. 
III. 
IV. 
Y. 
Constituents. 
Kemp- 
ten. 
Kemp- 
ten. 
Stan¬ 
dard. 
Water . . 
22T80 
18-824 
22-421 
18-810 
20-770 
Fat . . . 
12-260 
12-625 
12-030 
13-650 
12-830 
Caseine and 1 
Albumen . j 
28-100 
24-240 
25-960 
24-900 
29-600 
Ash . . . 
2-180 
2-482 
2-673 
2-430 
2-865 
All of these samples, dissolved in four or five times the 
volume of water, furnished milk which, in appearance 
and taste perfectly resembled fresh boiled milk, except 
that it was sweet, owing to the admixture of sugar.— 
VierteljaJiresschriJt filr Prahtische Pharmacie. 
FACTS AND REASONINGS CONCERNING THE 
HETEROGENEOUS EVOLUTION OF LIVING THINGS. 
{Continued from page 66.) 
In his essay bearing the above title, Dr. Bastian criti¬ 
cizes Tasteur. We quote the following passage:— 
“ Before closing this paper, it will be necessary that I 
should refer more particularly to a certain part of 
M. Pasteur’s researches, seeing that these have so 
strongly influenced the opinions of very many scientific 
men on the question of the truth or falsity of the doc¬ 
trines of the heterogenists. As an experimental che¬ 
mist M. Pasteur takes a most honourable position in the 
foremost rank of workers, and all his investigations on 
this subject appear to have been conducted with the 
most scrupulous care. His reasonings also may seem, at 
first sight, to be all-convincing, so that most people 
might be inclined to admit that he had ‘ mathematique- 
ment demontre,’ as he so frequently claims to have 
done, all that he set himself to prove. The case may 
seem at first a poor one indeed for the heterogenists; but 
as soon as one gets over the first impressions produced 
by the various experiments, and begins to inquire whe¬ 
ther the reasonings concerning them have been in all 
cases fair and logical, then it may be seen that the evi¬ 
dence against the occurrence of heterogenesis is very far 
from being so strong as it, at first sight, appeared. On 
two or three occasions, when it was very important that 
results should be looked at from different points of view, 
M. Pasteur has altogether failed to do this, and has 
wished to interpret them only in accordance with the 
views of the panspermatists, quietly ignoring the equally 
legitimate interpretation of the same results which might 
have been given by the heterogenists. At present I shall 
confine myself to one instance of this kind, because I 
think that on this particular point the reasonings of 
M. Pasteur are as mischievous as they are illogical. If 
others were to follow his example, then certainly we 
could never hope to get rid of the clouds of controversy 
which at present obscure the subject. 
“ The experiments of Schwann were for some time er¬ 
roneously believed by very many to have upset the doc¬ 
trines of the heterogenists. No organisms, it was said, 
were ever developed in hermetically sealed vessels when 
the solutions containing the organic matter had been 
boiled, and when all the air which was allowed access to 
them had been previously calcined. Schwann’s experi¬ 
ments did yield uniformly negative results when solu¬ 
tions of meat were employed; though his experiments 
concerning alcoholic fermentation yielded results which 
were sometimes positive and sometimes negative. M. 
Pasteur also, for a time, obtained only negative results 
in repeating the experiments of Schwann. In these ex¬ 
periments, however, he had generally made use of ‘ l’eau 
de levure suc-ree,’ of urine, or some other fluid which 
was naturally unfitted to undergo evolutional changes of 
a high order, or even to produce lower organisms in 
great abundance. But there came a time when M. Pas¬ 
teur chanced to repeat his experiments, using precisely 
the same precautions as before, and yet the results were 
quite different,—organisms were now found in his solu¬ 
tions. There was one important difference, it is true. 
In these latter experiments, M. Pasteur had made use of 
milk. Now the quantity of organic matter contained in 
milk is, of course, very great; it is a highly nutritive and 
complex fluid. It might, therefore, and ought perhaps, 
to have suggested itself to M. Pasteur, that the different 
results of his later experiments were possibly explicable 
on the supposition that the restrictive conditions—the 
boiling of the solution and the closed vessel already con¬ 
taining air—were too potent to be overcome by the or¬ 
ganic matter in the one solution, whilst they were not 
too potent and could not prevent evolutional changes 
taking place in that of the other.” 
In fine, M. Pasteur, having made the observation that 
milk, even after boiling and being sealed up in calcined 
air, produces bacteria and vibrios, draws the conclusion 
that therefore the germs of bacteria and vibrios are 
capable of resisting a temperature of 100° C. Dr. Bas¬ 
tian, on the other hand, maintains that the production 
of bacteria and vibrios in the milk after this treatment 
is a proof that these living things have arisen de novo. 
Pasteur has observed that in alkaline or neutral solu¬ 
tions of sugar, etc., there is frequent development of low 
forms of living things after boiling and sealing, in con¬ 
tact with calcined air; whilst in acid solutions, other 
things being the same, there is no development of 
organisms. Pasteur says that the acid kills the germs. 
Bastian and the evolutionists, on the contrary, say that 
the acid is unfavourable to “evolutional ” processes. 
At the present stage of the controversy, it is admitted 
by the opponents of the doctrine of spontaneous gene¬ 
ration, that organisms do arise in solutions which have 
received no germs from the air and have been exposed 
to a temperature sufficient for the destruction of the de¬ 
veloped organisms. 
In order to avoid having to admit the doctrine of 
spontaneous generation (which otherwise would be 
established by such examples), the hypothesis has been 
started, that the germs of such organisms are endowed 
with far greater powers of resistance than the organisms 
themselves. Since there is no microscope powerful 
enough to render these germs visible, and the only test of 
their presence being the production of the appropriate 
organism, it must, in the nature of things, be a difficult 
task to experiment upon the resisting powers of these 
germs. 
Chinchonse in Java.—Professor Miquel has given in 
the last published part of his ‘ Annales Musei Botanici 
Lugduno-Batavi ’ (tom. iv. fasc. 9, 1869), descriptions 
of all the Chinchona plants at present cultivated in Java. 
They are as follows :—Chinchona Calisaya , Wedd.; C. 
amygdalifolia , Wedd.; C. scrobieulata, H. et B.; C. 
euncura , nov. sp. Miq.; C. Hasskarliana, nov. sp. Miq. 
(this appears to be a hybrid between C. Calisaya and C. 
Pahudiana) ; C. carabayensis, Wedd.; C. officinalis , L.; 
C. lancifolia , Mutis; C. ovata, R. et P. ; C. subsessilis , 
Miq. ( = C. purpurascens , Wedd.); C. ealoptera (= C. 
pubescens , a. Pelletcriana, Wedd.); C. micrantha, R. et 
P.; C. pubeseens, Vahl; C. Moritziana, Karst. (= Puencf 
Moritziana , Wedd.) ; C. magnifolia, R. et P. ( = Duenet 
maqnifolia, Wedd.); and C. carua, ( = Buena carua , 
Wedd.). 
